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68 results for “Sauropterygia”
Data from: A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early–Middle Jurassic pliosaurids
A partial skeleton from the Sigiloceras enodatum ammonite Subzone (early Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the Oxford Clay Formation of Quest Pit, near Stewartby, Bedfordshire, UK respresents one of the basalmost Middle Jurassic pliosaurids. Marmornectes candrewi gen. et sp. nov. possesses seven autapomorphies and a longirostrine snout. Reassessment of pliosauroid relationships demonstrates that Thalassiodracon hawkinsii, Hauffiosaurus spp. and Attenborosaurus conybeari are successively more derived basal representatives of Pliosauridae. This indicates that a longirostrine snout was acquired among Early Jurassic pliosaurids (such as Hauffiosaurus), but that these early taxa had a small body size, long neck, and gracile skull and limb bones relative to the contemporaneous rhomaleosaurids, which were robust, large-bodied macropredators. The pliosaurid lineage only acquired its 'characteristic' large size, robust skull and short neck in the late Middle Jurassic after the extinction of Rhomaleosauridae.
FIGURE 22 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 22. Hypothesis of relationship for Plesiosauria with clades named in this study. Clade names are defined and diagnosed in the text.
FIGURE 23 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 23. Timecalibrated phylogeny of Leptocleidoidea. Thick black lines bracket the taxon duration and reflect either the range based on multiple specimens (e.g., Dolichorhychops osborni) or uncertainties of the exact age of a stratigraphic unit in which the taxon occurs. Numerical dates for stage boundaries follow Gradstein et al. (2004).
FIGURE 19 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 19. Results of four parsimony analyses implementing the constraint trees shown in Figure 13A–D. (A) Strict consensus of 4 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5973; CI = 0.528; RI = 0.540; RC = 0.285) implementing the constraint tree depicted in Figure 13A (Cryptocleidoidea; sensu O'Keefe 2001a, 2004b). The tree is 149 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 14. (B) Strict consensus of 3 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5906; CI = 0.534; RI = 0.551; RC = 0.294) implementing the constraint tree of Figure 13B (holding Simolestes as the sister taxon of Leptocleidus + Umoonasaurus; sensu O'Keefe 2001a, 2004b). The tree is 104 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 14. (C) Strict consensus of 3 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5867; CI = 0.537; RI = 0.558; RC = 0.300) implementing the constraint tree depicted in Figure 13C (clustering Leptocleidus and Umoonasaurus with traditionally recognized largeskulled pliosaurid taxa). The tree is 65 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 14. (D) Strict consensus of 3 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5829; CI = 0.541; RI = 0.564; RC = 0.305) implementing the constraint tree depicted in Figure 13D (holding TMP 94.122.01 as the sister taxon to Leptocleidus and Umoonasaurus). The tree is 27 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Figure 14.
FIGURE 16 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 16. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees (tree length = 3888; CI = 0.517; RI = 0.520; RC = 0.269) for which all postcranial characters (96–152) have been excluded from the data set (matrix size = 31 OTUs and 95 characters).
FIGURE 13 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 13. Four constraint trees built in MacClade (Maddison & Maddison 2003) and analyzed in PAUP* (Swofford 2002). The trees were designed to test for phylogenetic signal in the data set. Constraint trees of (A) Cryptocleidoidea and (B) Simolestes + Leptocleidus + Umoonasaurus, based on the outcome of O'Keefe's (2001a, 2004b) analyses. (C) Tree constraining Leptocleidus and Umoonasaurus with traditionally recognized largeskulled pliosaurid taxa. (D) Constraint tree based on expected outcome of nesting TMP 94.122.01 with Leptocleidus + Umoonasaurus. Abbreviations: OTUs, operational taxonomic units.
FIGURE 9 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 9. Interpretation of the holotype skull of FIGURE 10. Interpretation of the skull of Rhomaleosaurus victor, SMNS 12478, in palatal Simolestes vorax, BMNH R.3319, in dorsal view. view. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 7 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 7. Interpretation of the skull of Liopleurodon FIGURE 8. Interpretation of the neotype skull of ferox, BMNH R.2680, in dorsal view. See Appendix 1 Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus, LEICT G221.1851, in for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 5 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 5. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Leptocleidus superstes, BMNH R.4828, in dorsal (A) and palatal (B) views. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 15 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 15. Hypotheses of relationship among plesiosaurs for which all taxa having greater than 60 percent (A), 50 percent (B), and 40 percent (C) missing data are excluded. (A) Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5584; CI = 0.545; RI = 0.553; RC = 0.302) of 27 OTUs and 152 characters; (B) single most parsimonious tree (tree length = 5081; CI = 0.550; RI = 0.534; RC = 0.294) of 23 taxa and 152 characters; (C) single most parsimonious tree (tree length = 4429; CI = 0.604; RI = 0.527; RC = 0.318) of 18 taxa and 152 characters. The OTU Callawayasaurus colombiensis represents the composite scoring.
FIGURE 4 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 4. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Leptocleidus capensis, SAMK5822, in dorsal (A) and palatal (B) views. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 1 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 1. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Augustasaurus hagdorni, FMNH PR 1974, in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 3 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 3. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Callawayasaurus colombiensis, UCMP 38349, in dorsal view. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 18 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 18. Single most parsimonious tree (tree length = 3895; CI = 0.652; RI = 0.519; RC = 0.554) of a branch and bound search conducted for 17 OTUs and 152 characters. Bootstrap values (based on 1000 replicates) for clades with greater than 50 percent support are given above the branches.
FIGURE 14 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 14. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5802 steps; CI = 0.543; RI = 0.568; RC = 0.309) for 31 OTUs and 152 characters, indicating a hypothesis of relationships for Plesiosauria. Bootstrap values (based on 1000 replicates) for clades with greater than 50 percent support are given above the branches; Bremer support values greater than 10 are given below. The implementation of Thiele's (1993) method for quantitative characters results in tree lengths and Bremer support values that are approximately 10 fold greater than in an unweighted analysis. Node numbers are discussed in the text.
FIGURE 17 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 17. Results of analyses testing the influence of quantitative characters on the data set (matrix size = 31 OTUs; the OTU Callawayasaurus colombiensis represents the composite scoring). (A) Strict consensus of 20 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 540; CI = 0.550; RI = 0.577; RC = 0.317) for which all quantitative characters (1–4, 79, 85, 94, 95, 99, 130–132, 147, and 149) have been excluded from the data set (138 characters total). (B) Strict consensus of 32 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 746; CI = 0.594; RI = 0.542; RC = 0.322) of an analysis for which Thiele's (1993) gapweighting approach for quantitative characters is not implemented (all quantitative and qualitative characters have a weight = 1 and are unordered; 152 characters total).
FIGURE 12 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 12. Phylogenetic relationships and clade names of Triassic sauropterygians and Plesiosauria, as presented by Rieppel (2000). Taxa used as outgroups in this analysis are in bold print (Simosaurus, Cymatosaurus, and Augustasaurus).
FIGURE 2 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 2. Interpretation of the skull of BMNH 49202 in dorsal (A) and palatal (B) views. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 11 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 11. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Umoonasaurus demoscyllus, AM F99374, in dorsal view. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 21 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 21. Strict consensus of three trees (tree length = 480 steps; CI = 440; RI = 0.698; RC = 0.307) indicating an hypothesis of relationship among 36 OTUs and 170 characters based on a reanalysis of O'Keefe's (2004b) data matrix, with the inclusion of data for TMP 94.122.01. Bootstrap values (based on 1000 replicates) for clades with greater than 50 percent support are given above the branches for the clade Plesiosauroidea (sensu O'Keefe, 2001a) only.
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