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Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 — China, North and South Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Taiwan, and Scandinavia. M. n. allegheniensis Rhoads, 1900 — NE USA (Allegheny Mts W to Wisconsin). M. n. boccamela Bechstein, 1800 — Corsica, Italy, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, and Spain. M. n. campestris Jackson, 1913 — C Great Plains, USA. M. n. eskimo Stone, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (Yukon). M. n. namiyer Kuroda, 1921 — Japan and the Kurile Is. M. n. numidica Pucheran, 1855 — N Africa. M. n. rnixosa Bangs, 1896 — Canada and N Great Plains of USA. M. n. vulgaris Erxleben, 1777 = W & C Europe and most of C Eurasia. Introduced to New Zealand, Malta, Crete, the Azores Is, and apparently also Sao Tome I. in Mustelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 — China, North and South Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Taiwan, and Scandinavia. M. n. allegheniensis Rhoads, 1900 — NE USA (Allegheny Mts W to Wisconsin). M. n. boccamela Bechstein, 1800 — Corsica, Italy, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, and Spain. M. n. campestris Jackson, 1913 — C Great Plains, USA. M. n. eskimo Stone, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (Yukon). M. n. namiyer Kuroda, 1921 — Japan and the Kurile Is. M. n. numidica Pucheran, 1855 — N Africa. M. n. rnixosa Bangs, 1896 — Canada and N Great Plains of USA. M. n. vulgaris Erxleben, 1777 = W & C Europe and most of C Eurasia. Introduced to New Zealand, Malta, Crete, the Azores Is, and apparently also Sao Tome I.
Subspecies and Distribution. G. g. gulo Linnaeus, 1758 — NE & NW China, Mongolia, Russia, and Scandinavia. G. g. luscus Linnaeus, 1758 — Canada and W USA (Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon, Montana, Washington & Wyoming). in Mustelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. G. g. gulo Linnaeus, 1758 — NE & NW China, Mongolia, Russia, and Scandinavia. G. g. luscus Linnaeus, 1758 — Canada and W USA (Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon, Montana, Washington & Wyoming).
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).
Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed. in Vespertilionidae
Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed.
Subspecies and Distribution. S.b.betulinaPallas,1779—C&EEuropeEthroughEuropeanRussiaandSWSiberiatoNEAltaiMts;rangeextendsNabovetheArcticCircle(above68°N). S.b.montanaMéhely,1913—Alps(Switzerland,SGermany,andAustria),BohemianForest(CzechRepublic),andCarpathians(Slovakia,SPoland,SUkraine,andRomania). S.b.norvegicaChaworth-Musters,1927—Scandinavia. S. b. taigica Stroganov & Potapkina, 1950 — S Siberian uplands in S Russia between NE Altai Mts E to NE Lake Baikal in Irkutsk and Buryatia. in Sminthidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S.b.betulinaPallas,1779—C&EEuropeEthroughEuropeanRussiaandSWSiberiatoNEAltaiMts;rangeextendsNabovetheArcticCircle(above68°N). S.b.montanaMéhely,1913—Alps(Switzerland,SGermany,andAustria),BohemianForest(CzechRepublic),andCarpathians(Slovakia,SPoland,SUkraine,andRomania). S.b.norvegicaChaworth-Musters,1927—Scandinavia. S. b. taigica Stroganov & Potapkina, 1950 — S Siberian uplands in S Russia between NE Altai Mts E to NE Lake Baikal in Irkutsk and Buryatia.
Distribution. Great Britain, C Europe, and Scandinavia, and across E Europe, Anatolia, Caucasus, NW Iran, and Kazakhstan to Siberia (E to Lake Baikal and Lena River), extreme N Mongolia (Mongolian Altai and Hovsgol Mts), and NE China (N Xinjiang); also present on many islands and islets in Baltic and North seas. in Cricetidae
Distribution. Great Britain, C Europe, and Scandinavia, and across E Europe, Anatolia, Caucasus, NW Iran, and Kazakhstan to Siberia (E to Lake Baikal and Lena River), extreme N Mongolia (Mongolian Altai and Hovsgol Mts), and NE China (N Xinjiang); also present on many islands and islets in Baltic and North seas.
Data from: Failure to coordinate management in transboundary populations hinders the achievement of national management goals: the case of wolverines in Scandinavia
1. Large carnivores are expanding in Europe, and their return is associated with conflicts that often result in policies to regulate their population size through culling. Being wide-ranging species, their populations are often distributed across several jurisdictions, which may vary in the extent to which they use lethal control. This creates the conditions for the establishment of source-sink dynamics across borders, which may frustrate the ability of countries to reach their respective management objectives. 2. To explore the consequences of this issue, we constructed a vec-permutation projection model, applied to the case of wolverines in south-central Scandinavia, shared between Norway (where they are culled) and Sweden (where they are protected). We evaluated the effect of compensatory immigration on wolverine population growth rates, and if the effect was influenced by the distance to the national border. We assessed to what extent compensatory immigration had an influence on the number of removals needed to keep the population at a given growth rate. 3. In Norway the model estimated a stable trend, whereas in Sweden it produced a 10% annual increase. The effect of compensatory immigration corresponded to a 0.02 reduction in population growth rate in Sweden and to a similar increase in Norway. This effect was stronger closer to the Norwegian-Swedish border, but weak when moving away from it. An average of 33 wolverines were shot per year in the Norwegian part of the study area. If no compensatory immigration from Sweden had occurred, 28 wolverines shot per year would have been sufficient to achieve the same goal. About 15.5% of all the individuals harvested in Norway between 2005-2012 were compensated for by immigrants, causing a decrease in population growth rate in Sweden. 4. Synthesis and applications. When a population is transboundary, the consequences of management decisions are also transboundary, even though the political bodies in charge of those decisions, the stakeholders who influence them, and the taxpayers who finance them are not. It is important that managers and citizens be informed that a difference in management goals can reduce the efficiency, and increase the costs, of wildlife management.
Figure 25 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 25. Liljeborgia ossiani sp. nov., female, holotype, Tromsø, Skatøra, TSZCr 1188. (A) Pleon in lateral view; (B) right U1; (C) right U2; (D) peduncle of left U2; (E) right U3; (F) outer ramus of right U3.
Figure 24 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 24. Liljeborgia ossiani sp. nov., Tromsø, Skatøra, TSZCr 1188; A–F, I, female, holotype, G, female, paratype; H, sex unknown (detached appendage), paratype. (A) Left P5; (B) distal part of basis of left P5; (C) left P6; (D) distal part of basis of left P6; (E) left P7; (F) distal part of basis of left P7; (G) right P6; (H) articles 5–7 of left P7 (medial view); (I) telson.
Figure 23 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 23. Liljeborgia ossiani sp. nov., female, holotype, Tromsø, Skatøra, TSZCr 1188. (A) Left P3; (B) articles 5–7 of left P3; (C) left P4; (D) articles 5–7 of left P4.
Figure 26 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 26. Liljeborgia ossiani sp. nov., female, paratype, Finnmark, R/V Johan Ruud sta. 301–05, TSCZCr 13999. (A) Articles 5–7 of left P3; (B) left P5; (C) articles 6 and 7 of left P5; (D) left P6; (E) articles 6 and 7 of left P6; (F) left P7; (G) articles 6 and 7 of left P7.
Figure 20 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 20. Liljeborgia ossiani sp. nov., female, holotype, Tromsø, Skatøra, TSZCr 1188. (A) Head and antennae; (B) anterior part of head with epistome and mandible; (C) right Md; (D) distal part of right Md; (E) distal part of left Md; (F) left Mx1; (G) right Mx1.
Figure 17 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 17. Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858), female, Barents Sea, cruise Barentshavet 02, sta. 382, TSZCr 12392. (A) Left P3; (B) articles 5–7 of left P3; (C) left P4; (D) articles 5–7 of left P4.
Figure 22 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 22. Liljeborgia ossiani sp. nov., Tromsø, Skatøra, TSZCr 1188; A–D, female, holotype, E, F, male, paratype. (A) Left coxa 1; (B) left Gn1; (C) left coxa 2; (D) left Gn2; (E) left Gn1; (F) left Gn2.
Figure 19 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 19. Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858), females; A–F, Barents Sea, cruise Barentshavet 02, sta. 382, TSZCr 12392; (A) Pleonites 1–3; (B) urosome in lateral view; (C) pleon in dorsal view; (D) left U3.
Figure 16 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 16. Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858), A–E, female, Barents Sea, cruise Barentshavet 02, sta. 382, TSZCr 12392; F, G, male, BH425, TSZCr 12424. (A) Left Gn1; (B) margin of palm of left Gn1 (detail); (C) dactylus of left Gn1; (D) left Gn2; (E) dactylus of left Gn2; (F) chela of left Gn1; (G) chela of left Gn2.
Figure 21 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 21. Liljeborgia ossiani sp. nov., female, holotype, Tromsø, Skatøra, TSZCr 1188. (A) Mxp; (B) right outer plate of Mxp; (C) left inner plate of Mxp; (D) distal part of left inner plate (only insertion of setae indicated).
Figure 18 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 18. Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858), females; A–F, Barents Sea, cruise Barentshavet 02, sta. 382, TSZCr 12392; G, Svalbard, R/V Jan Mayen, st. 196, TSZCr 12536. (A) Left P5; (B) posterodistal corner of basis of left P5; (C) left P6; (D) posterodistal corner of basis of left P6; (E) left P7; (F) posterodistal corner of basis of left P7; (G) right pleopod 1; (H) coupling hooks of right pleopod 1; (I) telson.
Figure 15 in On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis
Figure 15. Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858), female, Barents Sea, cruise Barentshavet 02, sta. 382, TSZCr 12392. (A) Mxp; (B) dorsal side of inner plates of Mxp (setae indicated by their surface of insertion); (C) ventral side of right inner plate of Mxp.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.