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Figs 10–12. Phanaeus daphnis Harold, 1863. 10 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 10–12. Phanaeus daphnis Harold, 1863. 10 – male green phase; 11 – male deep blue-green phase; 12 – lectotype and labels (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 43–54 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 64 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 64. Predicted distribution of P. tridens Castelnau, 1840, P. moroni Arnaud, 2001 and P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001. The distribution of P. coeruleus Bates, 1887 was not modelled because it is only known from a single locality that needs confirmation.

Figs 24–26. Phanaeus nimrod Harold, 1863. 24 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 24–26. Phanaeus nimrod Harold, 1863. 24 – male green-red phase; 25 – lectotype and labels (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN); 26 – P. babori Balthasar, 1939, junior subjective synonymy, holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 29–31. Phanaeus eximius Bates, 1887. 29 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 29–31. Phanaeus eximius Bates, 1887. 29 – male blue phase; 30 – female green phase (typical); 31 – lectotype and labels (by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 70 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 70. Decision tree predictive model (accuracy = 84%) of the environmental variables that classify the distribution of the P. tridens species group.

Figs 6–7. Phanaeus moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev. 6 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 6–7. Phanaeus moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev. 6 – male; 7 – holotype and labels (by Patrick Arnaud, PFASF). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 55–62 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 55–62. Pronotum of female. 55 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 56 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 57 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 58 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. (dark blue-black phase); 59 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green phase); 60 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863 (blue-green phase); 61 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (dark blue phase); 62 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 14–15. Phanaeus substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. 14 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 14–15. Phanaeus substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. 14 – male; 15 – holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 32–42 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 22–23. Phanaeus pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. 22 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 22–23. Phanaeus pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. 22 – male green phase; 23 – holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 1–5. Phanaeus tridens Castelnau, 1840. 1 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 1–5. Phanaeus tridens Castelnau, 1840. 1 – male green phase; 2 – male green-red phase; 3 – neotype and labels, present designation (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN); 4 – P. frankenbergeri junior subjective synonymy, holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC); 5 – EDMONDS' (1994) neotype of P. tridens and labels (by Simon Hinkley, NMVA). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 65 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 65. Predicted distribution of P. daphnis Harold, 1863, P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939 and P. herbeus Bates, 1887.

Fig. 69 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 69. Niche overlap of the P. tridens species group. Right: overlap pairwise comparison using two indexes (Warren's I and Schoener's D). Left: dendrogram result of the UPGMA analysis of the indexes.

Fig. 63 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 63. Phallobase, parameres and endophallite copulatrix of the P.tridens species group. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 13. Phanaeus coeruleus Bates, 1887 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 13. Phanaeus coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev., holotype and labels (by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH).

Figs. 1-4 in Nuevos registros de Pachydemini extremeños y descripción de la hembra de Ceramida luisae López-Colón & Rodríguez Arias, 1990 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Pachydemini)

Figs. 1-4.- Hembra de Ceramida luisae López-Colón & Rodríguez Arias, 1990 de Trujillo (Cáceres).

Figs. 5-8 in Nuevos registros de Pachydemini extremeños y descripción de la hembra de Ceramida luisae López-Colón & Rodríguez Arias, 1990 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Pachydemini)

Figs. 5-8.- Hembra de Ceramida luisae López-Colón & Rodríguez Arias, 1990 de Trujillo (Cáceres).

Fig. 9 in Nuevos registros de Pachydemini extremeños y descripción de la hembra de Ceramida luisae López-Colón & Rodríguez Arias, 1990 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Pachydemini)

Fig. 9.- Parcela urbana de Mérida donde se han localizado los 3 ejemplares de Ceramida luisae citados de esa ciudad.

Figs. 1-4 in Nuevos registros de Pachydemini extremeños y descripción de la hembra de Ceramida luisae López-Colón & Rodríguez Arias, 1990 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Pachydemini)

Figs. 1-4.- Hembra de Ceramida luisae López-Colón & Rodríguez Arias, 1990 de Trujillo (Cáceres). 1.- Habitus en vista dorsal. 2.- Cabeza. 3.- Pronoto. 4.- Escudete.