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58 results for “Sex pheromone;”

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dryad28/100

Data from: Amino acid change in an orchid desaturase enables mimicry of the pollinator's sex pheromone

Mimicry illustrates the power of selection to produce phenotypic convergence in biology [ 1 ]. A striking example is the imitation of female insects by plants that are pollinated by sexual deception of males of the same insect species [ 2–4 ]. This involves mimicry of visual, tactile, and chemical signals of females [ 2–7 ], especially their sex pheromones [ 8–11 ]. The Mediterranean orchid Ophrys exaltata employs chemical mimicry of cuticular hydrocarbons, particularly the 7-alkenes, in an insect sex pheromone to attract and elicit mating behavior in its pollinators, males of the cellophane bee Colletes cunicularius [ 11–13 ]. A difference in alkene double-bond positions is responsible for reproductive isolation between O. exaltata and closely related species, such as O. sphegodes [ 13–16 ]. We show that these 7-alkenes are likely determined by the action of the stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase (SAD) homolog SAD5. After gene duplication, changes in subcellular localization relative to the ancestral housekeeping desaturase may have allowed proto-SAD5's reaction products to undergo further biosynthesis to both 7- and 9-alkenes. Such ancestral coproduction of two alkene classes may have led to pollinator-mediated deleterious pleiotropy. Despite possible evolutionary intermediates with reduced activity, amino acid changes at the bottom of the substrate-binding cavity have conferred enzyme specificity for 7-alkene biosynthesis by preventing the binding of longer-chained fatty acid (FA) precursors by the enzyme. This change in desaturase function enabled the orchid to perfect its chemical mimicry of pollinator sex pheromones by escape from deleterious pleiotropy, supporting a role of pleiotropy in determining the possible trajectories of adaptive evolution.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

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Data from: Beyond species recognition: somatic state affects long distance sex pheromone communication

Long-range sex pheromones have been subjected to substantial research with a particular focus on their biosynthesis, peripheral perception, central processing and the resulting orientation behaviour of perceivers. Fundamental to the research on sex attractants was the assumption that they primarily coordinate species recognition. However, especially when they are produced by the less limiting sex (usually males), the evolution of heightened condition dependence might be expected and long-range sex pheromones might, therefore, also inform about a signaller's quality. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive study of the role of a male's long-range pheromone in mate choice that combines chemical analyses, video observations and field experiments with a multifactorial manipulation of males' condition. We show that the emission of the long-distance sex pheromone of the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides is highly condition-dependent and reliably reflects nutritional state, age, body size and parasite load—key components of an individual's somatic state. Both, the quantity and ratio of the pheromone components were affected but the time invested in pheromone emission was largely unaffected by a male's condition. Moreover, the variation in pheromone emission caused by the variation in condition had a strong effect on the attractiveness of males in the field, with males in better nutritional condition, of older age, larger body size and bearing less parasites being more attractive. That a single pheromone is influenced by so many aspects of the somatic state and causes such variation in a male's attractiveness under field conditions was hitherto unknown and highlights the need to integrate indicator models of sexual selection into pheromone research.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

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Data from: Plant odour and sex pheromone are integral elements of specific mate recognition in an insect herbivore

Specific mate recognition relies on the chemical senses in most animals, and especially in nocturnal insects. Two signal types mediate premating olfactory communication in terrestrial habitats: sex pheromones, which blend into an atmosphere of plant odorants. We show that host plant volatiles affect the perception of sex pheromone in males of the African cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and that pheromone and plant volatiles are not perceived as independent messages. In clean air, S. littoralis males are attracted to single synthetic pheromone components or even the pheromone of a sibling species, Oriental cotton leafworm S. litura. Presence of host plant volatiles, however, reduces the male response to deficient or heterospecific pheromone signals. That plant cues enhance discrimination of sex pheromone quality confirms the idea that specific mate recognition in noctuid moths has evolved in concert with adaptation to host plants. Shifts in either female host preference or sex pheromone biosynthesis give rise to new communication channels that have the potential to initiate or contribute to reproductive isolation.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

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Fig. 2 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 2. Depolarization (mean ± SEM) of virgin male antennae in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) by male age. Bars headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 6, P <0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

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Figure 3. Trial 3 in Trapping Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae), with High Doses of Sex Pheromone: Catch Enhancement and Weathering Rate in Hawaii

Figure 3. Trial 3 results: Effect of weathering for 0, 8, and 16 weeks on trap catch. Average catch/trap/day of sweetpotato weevils in traps baited with sweetpotato weevil male lure of three different loadings (12 μg, 120 μg, and 1.0 mg) weathered for 0, 8, or 16 weeks. Sweetpotato weevil catch in traps baited with 1.0 mg sweetpotato weevil male lure was significantly greater than catch in traps baited with either 120 μg or 12 μg lure, and there was no significant difference in catch between traps baited with 120 μg versus 12 μg lure. Numbers presented at the tops of the columns are the number of times greater the catch is than in traps baited with lower lure dosages. Error bars are not presented in the figure because high variations in catch within each treatment led to large error bars which would adversely affect the viewing of the data. Mean and error (SEM) data, for the 1.0 mg, 120 μg, and 12 μg treatments, respectively, are as follows: Week 0 (40.31 ± 28.70, 1.86 ± 0.76, 1.43 ± 1.11); Week 8 (23.66 ± 8.32, 14.43 ± 2.34, 1.37 ± 0.85); Week 16 (16.31 ± 4.74, 6.43 ± 2.71, 0.71 ± 0.51).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

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Figure 1 from: Juárez ML, Devescovi F, Břízová R, Bachmann G, Segura DF, Kalinová B, Fernández P, Ruiz MJ, Yang J, Teal PEA, Cáceres C, Vreysen MJB, Hendrichs J, Vera MT (2015) Evaluating mating compatibility within fruit fly cryptic species complexes and the potential role of sex pheromones in pre-mating isolation. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 125-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.6133

Figure 1 - Walk-in field cage set up to evaluate female response to male pheromone: a artificial lek hanging from the tree b Anastrepha fraterculus female over an artificial lek.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2015View details →

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Mixed sex pheromone lures for combined captures of Agriotes and Limonius pest click beetles in North America

Sex pheromone lures are effective tools for monitoring and potentially controlling populations of pest click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae). To date, these lures are genus-specific (e.g., Limonius spp.) or species-specific (e.g., Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus). However, if sympatric heterogeners were not to be repelled by each other’s pheromones, trap lures effective for multiple elaterid genera could be developed, improving cost efficiency in elaterid pest management programs. In both western and eastern North America, several species of Agriotes spp. and Limonius spp. co-occur and inflict similar crop damage. We investigated whether the sex pheromones of these species can be combined in a mixed lure without reducing its attractiveness to all target species. In western Canada, we show that the pheromones of A. lineatus (geranyl butanoate & geranyl octanoate) and Limonius spp. [(E)-4-ethyloct-4-enoic acid (limoniic acid)] can be combined without significantly reducing captures of male A. lineatus, L. canus (LeConte), L. californicus (Mannerheim) and L. infuscatus (Motschulsky) relative to traps baited with species-specific lures for A. lineatus and Limonius spp.. Similarly, the pheromone of A. obscurus (Linnaeus) (geranyl hexanoate & geranyl octanoate) and limoniic acid can be combined without significantly reducing trap captures of male L. canus, L. infuscatus and L. californicus but reduced A. obscurus captures relative to traps baited only with the A. obscurus pheromone. In eastern Canada, combining pheromones for Agriotes mancus (Say) (geranyl butanoate & geranyl hexanoate) and limoniic acid reduced captures of A. mancus but not A. pubescens (Melsheimer) and A. sputator (Linnaeus). These data imply that pheromones of select elaterid heterogeners can be combined in a ‘catch-more’ pheromone lure to effectively monitor for, or possibly control, multiple elaterid pests, but that such mixed lures should be evaluated for each species combination.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

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