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Figure 4 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 4. Allometric comparison of different life-history traits of pachypleurosaurs and Simosaurus to extant reptiles. (a) Mass at birth vs. body mass, (b) age at which sexual maturity is reached vs. body mass, (c) longevity vs. body mass, and (d) maximum growth rates vs. body mass. In all panels black triangles mark extant reptile species, red symbols pachypleurosaurs, and black crosses the nothosaur genus Simosaurus (values taken from Klein and Griebeler, 2016). Red squares = Dactylosaurus, circles = Anarosaurus, triangles = aff. N. pusillus, triangle with cross = N. pusillus, asterisk = N. edwardsii, and diamond = Serpianosaurus. Ordinary least squares regression lines and 95 % prediction intervals are shown for extant species. Varanus niloticus (grey triangle) is highlighted because it is only somewhat larger than the pachypleurosaurs studied here. Data on body mass, mass at birth (N = 782), age at which sexual maturity is reached (N = 411), and longevity (N = 1014) of extant squamates are compiled from Scharf et al. (2015). Data on body mass and maximum growth rate of reptiles (squamates, crocodiles, and turtles, N = 66) are taken from Werner and Griebeler (2014). Masses at birth of pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) are larger than expected from the 95 % prediction interval for a similar-sized squamate, whereas pachypleurosaurs longevities and maximum growth rates (including that of Simosaurus) almost fit within the respective intervals. The majority of pachypleurosaurs reach sexual maturity earlier than expected for a similar-sized squamate. Overall, pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) have a considerably higher mass at birth and they clearly mature earlier than a similar-sized squamate.

Figure 3 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 3. Growth record and established growth models for pachypleurosaurs. The statistically best growth models are shown for each specimen. These have the highest Akaike weights (Burnham and Anderson, 2002) compared to the others which were also applicable to the growth record of the specific specimen (see Table S1). Specimens are marked by colors. Growth curves on the same specimen are marked by different line types (solid, dotted) in equal color. Parameter values of models and fitting statistics are summarized in Table S1. Neusticosaurus pusillus specimens SMNS 92125 and SMNS 50372c are from the Germanic Basin (aff. N. pusillus), and specimens PIMUZ T 4178 and PIMUZ T 4211 are from the Alpine Triassic.

Figure 2 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 2. Growth record in Dactylosaurus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Muschelkalk, early Anisian), in aff. N. pusillus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Keuper, late Ladinian) and in Neusticosaurus spp. and in Serpianosaurus from the Alpine Triassic (Anisian/Ladinian). (a) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 92125. (b) N. pusillus PIMUZ T 4211. (c) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 50372c. (d) Dactylosaurus MB.R.786. (e) Dactylosaurus MB.R. 776.2. (f) N. edwardsii PIMUZ T4758. (g) Serpianosaurus PIMUZ T 4510. (h) Wijk 09-472. Abbreviations: sc, subcycles; sm, sexual maturity. Panels (a, b, d, e) are in normal light, (c, h) are in polarized light, and (f, g) are in polarized light with gypsum filter (lambda). Scale bar is 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 1. Details of medulla, bone tissue, and vascularization of Dactylosaurus from the early Anisian (Lower Muschelkalk; Germanic Basin) and aff. N. pusillus from the late Ladinian (Lower Keuper; Germanic Basin). (a) Medullary region distally to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 801.2. consisting of small round erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and embedded in a matrix of calcified cartilage. The medullary region is surrounded by a sharp line (arrow). (b) Medullary region closer to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 771.5 displaying a small free cavity, a few small erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and calcified cartilage at the border to the periosteal region all encompassed by a sharp line (arrow). Around the medullary cavity slow-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue is visible. (c) The medullary region and inner cortex in aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372b is nearly completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by the sharp line (arrow), although the sample was taken nearly at the midshaft. Scattered longitudinal primary osteons occur in this sample. (d) Cross section of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 58025a which shows an irregular medullary region and remodeling in form of erosion cavities scattered into the periosteal bone. (e) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372c. The medullary region consists of few small erosion cavities and endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of fast-deposited hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. (f) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 92125. The medullary region consists of a small cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone, which are encompassed by a sharp line and calcified cartilage. The innermost cortex is made of a slow-deposited hatchling bone tissue. (g) Cross section of N. pusillus humerus PIMUZ T 3975. The medullary region is completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by some erosion cavities. (h) Medullary region and inner cortex at midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 776.2 showing a free cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone. On the right side are remains of preserved fast-deposited (i.e., less organized) hatchling bone tissue. On the right side, the layer of horizontally oriented fine fibers is visible (arrow). (i) Medullary region and inner cortex in Anarosaurus humerus Wijk 13-194. The relatively large, free medullary cavity is surrounded by a thin, and in this sample incomplete, layer of endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of a fast-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. A second annulus is clearly visible in the lower part of the picture. Distance between annuli changes considerably towards the preaxial bone side (arrows mark spilt). Abbreviations: cc, calcified cartilage; eb, endosteal bone; ec, erosion cavity; htb, hatchling bone tissue; ffho, fine fibers horizontally oriented; mc, medullary cavity; mr, medullary region; po, primary osteon. All pictures are in polarized light. Scale bar is 0.5 mm if not labeled otherwise.

Fig. 7 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 7. Ornamentations on the growth bands in extant spinicaudatans species of Cyzicus Audouin, 1837, Ozestheria Schwentner, Just, and Richter, 2015, and Diestheria longinqua Chen in Zhang et al., 1976. A. Carapace of Ozestheria pilosa (Rogers, Thaimuangphol, Saengphan, and Sanoamuang, 2013), from Thailand (after Rogers et al. 2013: fig. 3A). B. Cyzicus gifuensis (Ishikawa, 1895), from Anhui, China, NIPG Cr.121, male; ornamentation in the ventral part of the carapace (B1) and near the ventral margin of carapace (B2); radial lirae along the lower margin of each growth band (B3). in ornamentations might suggest a close affinity between The carapaces of the family Limnadiidae are thin and hermaphroditic Cyzicus and Aquilonoglypta as suggested by lightly mineralized, which commonly resulted in a reticulate Astrop and Hegna (2015). depressiononthecarapacesurface, suchas Eulimnadiatexana The transition pattern from reticulation to lirae in the Packard, 1871 (Astrop 2014). However, the carapace surfaces ventral part of the carapace in the Ozestheria differs from of most species of Eulimnadia are unornamented (smooth the Cyzicus which has the large undeveloped reticulation. surface pattern). This pattern also occurs in Metalimnadia Australian species of Ozestheria had reticulation, granulated serratus Mattox, 1952, Paralimnadia badia (Wolf, 1911) and ornaments, or a combination of punctae and lirae (Timms some Triassic fossil species of Paleolimnadiidae (Table 1). 2018). The ornamentation pattern of O. pilosa was similar The fossil family Palaeolimnadiopsidae is characterized by to species of Diestheriidae, in which transversely enlarged the recurvature of growth lines to form carinate at the posreticulation overlapped on the lirae ornamentation of each terior-dorsal marginal junction of the carapace. This feature growth band of the carapace (Rogers et al. 2013). The larger has also been observed in living species of Limnadopsis. secondary reticulation was likely originated from the in- The ornamentation documented for Palaeolimnadiopsidae tra-cuticular layer rather than the reticulation from procuti- ranged from reticulation to reticulation-lirae combination. cle (Astrop 2014). The ornamentation pattern in Ozestheria However, the ornamentation possessed by Limnadopsis ocsp. (males, Fig. 1A5), including punctae-reticulation-lirae cidentalis Timms, 2009, is nodular (Astrop 2014). Imnadia combination, the transition from reticulation to lirae, and yeyetta Hertzog, 1935, was reported to exhibit punctae ornathe larger undeveloped reticulation, is in line with that of mentation (Astrop 2014). Nevertheless, this pattern was not fossil species Triglypta yabraiensis Wang, 2014 (Wang 2014: mentioned in the original descriptions of the fossil families pl. 2: 2). The close morphological resemblance of ornamen- Paleolimnadiidae, Palaeolimnadiopsidae or Perilimnadiidae. tations and carapace shape suggests that Ozestheria might The phenotypic differentiation of ornamentation pattern is be closely related to Triglypta or Tianzhuestheria. a model to investigate morpho-functional adaptation to some

Fig. 6 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 6. Carapaces and ornamentations of representatives of the extant spinicaudatan family Leptestheriidae. A. Leptestheria kawachiensis Uéno, 1927, from Hubei, China, NIGP Cr. 101, male, lateral view; left valve, oval outline (A1); growth bands in the upper part of carapace with wide radial fringes pattern (A2). B. Eoleptestheria ticinensis (Balsamo-Crivelli, 1859), from Jiangsu, China, NIGP Cr. 61, male, lateral view; right valve, oval outline (B1); growth bands in the ventral part of carapace with shallow fringes pattern, never developing reticulation or punctae between fringes (B2); details of ventral growth bands with shallow fringes pattern separated with smooth surface (B3, B4).

Fig. 4 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 4. Ornamentations on the growth bands in the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Eulimnadia sp. and the extant laevicaudatan branchiopod Lynceus sp. A, B. Eulimnadia sp., from Jiangxi, China. A. NIGP Cr. 161, male, carapace in lateral view. B. NIGP Cr. 162, female, unornamented area near the ventral margin. C, D. Lynceus sp., from Heilongjiang, China. C. NIGP Cr. 173, male, carapace in lateral view. D. NIGP Cr. 174, female, isogonal reticulate ornamentation in the valve.

Fig. 3 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 3. Ornamentations on the growth bands of carapace of the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Eocyzicus orientalis Daday, 1913, from Xinjiang, China. A. NIGP Cr. 1, male, ornamentation in the upper to middle parts of the carapace (A1), reticulate ornaments in the ventral part of the carapace (A2), dense pilosity on the growth lines near the edge of the carapace (A3). B. NIGP Cr. 2, female, ornamentation in the upper to middle parts of the carapace (B1), rows of nodular ornaments in the ventral part of the carapace (B2), stout setae on the growth lines near the edge of the carapace (B3).

Fig. 2 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 2. Ornamentation on the growth bands of carapaces of the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Cyzicus sp., from Jilin, China. A. NIGP Cr. 141, male, ornamentation in the larval valve (A1), in the middle part of the carapace (A2), large reticulation and the radial lirae along the lower margin of the growth band (A3). B. NIGP Cr. 142, female, ornamentation in the larval valve (B1) and in the middle part of the carapace (B2), weakly ornamented area near the ventral margin (B3).

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FIG. 4 in Dimorphic sexual expression and anisospory in Homalothecium sericeum Schimp. s.l. (Brachytheciaceae) in Portugal

FIG. 4. — Graphical presentation of spore sizes from 12 different capsules of selected samples. Variation of spore sizes in six capsules of Homalothecium sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp. s.s (left graphics) and six capsules of H. meridionale (M. Fleisch. & Warnst.) Hedenäs (right graphics). Numbers on the vertical axes indicate frequencies, and those on the horizontal axes indicate diameter values in µm. The dashed line represents the tendency line bimodal distribution of diameter values. The dark grey horizontal bars in left side of each histogram, indicate the size range of collapsed spores, measured in the same capsule (capsules from LISU*collection, displayed sequentially for localities from the North to the South of Portugal).

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FIG. 3 in Dimorphic sexual expression and anisospory in Homalothecium sericeum Schimp. s.l. (Brachytheciaceae) in Portugal

FIG. 3. — Spores photographed under scanning electron microscopy to reveal the anisosporic condition observed in individual capsules of two Homalothecium Schimp. species (H. sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp. s.s. and H. meridionale (M. Fleisch. & Warnst.) Hedenäs) from herbarium samples: A, B, from capsules of H. sericeum s.s. (LISU 262054 and LISU 264096); C, D, from capsules of H. meridionale (LISU 265335 and LISU 266570). Scale bars: 10 µm.

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FIG. 2 in Dimorphic sexual expression and anisospory in Homalothecium sericeum Schimp. s.l. (Brachytheciaceae) in Portugal

FIG. 2. — Synthesis of the observations of sexual expression in the two Homalothecium Schimp. species (H. sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp. s.s. and H. meridionale (M. Fleisch. & Warnst.) Hedenäs) in Portugal (from LISU herbarium and/or field observations): A, female young colony without sporophytes, but with mixed small male plants; B, small independent male plants; C, independent male plants with caducous branches; D, independent male with perigonia in small branch; E, detached perigonium with two antheridia; F, G, dwarf males attached as tiny epiphytes to the female leaf, originated directly from spores, generally observed acquiring basal rhizoids (G) and eventually originating independent male colonies (as B); H, female plants with sporophytes and probably with dwarf males; I, green spores of two different sizes and aborted brown spores mixed (from capsules of LISU 262312; LISU 264096 and LISU 262054); J, part of a sample with caducous branches from a herbarium specimen. Scale bar: A, B, C, J, 0.8 cm; D, F, 500 µm; E, 300 µm; G, 400 µm and 600 µm; H, 0.4 cm; I, ± 50 µm.

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Fig. 3 in Sexual Size Dimorphism in Ground Beetle Carabus cumanus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and its Variation in Different Traits

Fig. 3. Results of RMA regression in C. cumanus traits: a - elytra length, b - elytra width, c - pronotum length, d - pronotum width, e - head length, f - distance between eyes (1 - steppe biotope, 2 - forest biotope. Circles and triangles denote individuals measured in forest and steppe biotopes respectively. Black dotted line denotes isometry)

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Fig. 4 in Sexual Size Dimorphism in Ground Beetle Carabus cumanus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and its Variation in Different Traits

Fig. 4. Values of SSD in different traits in C. cumanus. Significant values of SSD (due to Fig. 3, where deviation from isometric curve were significant) are marked by asterisks (A - elytra length, B - elytra width, V - pronotum length, G - pronotum width, D - head length, E - distance between eyes)

Fig. 4 in Determination Of Sexual Dimorphism And Morphological Variation Of Pool Barb, Puntius Sophore (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Using Landmark Based Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Fig. 4. Change of body shape along principal component axis (PC 1 = 43.827 %, and PC 2 = 20.578 %). Left side is the lollipop plots. Right side is the transformation grids of shape change.

Fig. 3, a in Determination Of Sexual Dimorphism And Morphological Variation Of Pool Barb, Puntius Sophore (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Using Landmark Based Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Fig. 3, a — eigenvalues plot of the proportion of variance described by each PC, b — scatter plot showing scores on the first two PCs for the sample of non-breeding season and breeding season fish population (female in red, male in blue and non-breeding season population in green).

Fig. 1, a in Determination Of Sexual Dimorphism And Morphological Variation Of Pool Barb, Puntius Sophore (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Using Landmark Based Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Fig. 1, a — male individual in breeding season; b — digitized image of P. sophore with the 14 landmarks (red points) used for the geometric morphometric analysis: c — scatter plot of 14 landmarks configurations after Procrustes Superimposition.

Fig. 2 in Determination Of Sexual Dimorphism And Morphological Variation Of Pool Barb, Puntius Sophore (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Using Landmark Based Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Fig. 2. Distribution of non-breeding season population and the breeding season (male and female) population along first and second canonical variate axes (female in red, male in blue and non-breeding season population in green).

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Figure 3 in Contribution to knowledge of the oribatid mite genus Idiozetes (Acari, Oribatida, Idiozetidae), with description of a new sexually dimorphic species from Vietnam

Figure 3 Idiozetes schusteri sp. n., adult, male (A) and female (B–J): A, B — posterior view; C — subcapitulum (dissected), ventral view; D — left lip with adoral seta, ventral view; E — palp, right, antiaxial view; F — chelicera, left, paraxial view; G — tibia and tarsus of leg I, right, antiaxial view; H — trochanter and femur of leg I, left, paraxial view; I — tibia and tarsus of leg II, left, paraxial view; J — leg IV, right, paraxial view. Scale bars 50 μm (A, B), 25 μm (G–J), 20 μm (C, D, F), 10 μm (E).