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110 results for “Sloth”
Figure 11 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 11. Skull and lower jaw of Choloepus. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 4(1), left and right toothrows anteriorly divergent; 13(1), C1 largest upper tooth; 14(1), c1 largest lower tooth; 20(0), C1/c1 with oblique, nearly vertical wear facet; 23(1), fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to C1 present; 24(1), C1/c1 displaced laterally relative to molariform toothrow; 29(1), C1 with trigonal cross-section; 76(2), mandible with strong fossa posterior to c1; 84(0), orbit in typical mammalian position in lateral view; 85(1), snout relatively short, <40%, ≥ 27% of BNL; 114(3), dorsal process of premaxilla absent; 122(3), palate elongate, strongly widened anteriorly; 146(1), postorbital process of jugal weak; 152(1), descending process of jugal wide at base, tapers strongly toward tip; 169(1), zygomatic process of squamosal horizontal or inclined slightly dorsad in lateral view; 170(1), zygomatic process of squamosal of moderate depth; 187(0), small condyloid foramen. [Modified from Naples (1982).]
Figure 10 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 10. Skull and lower jaw of Acratocnus odontrigonus in left lateral view. Characters and states illustrated: 3(3), C1 & c1 strongly depressed relative to molariforms in lateral view; 13(1), C1 largest upper tooth; 14(1), c1 largest lower tooth; 20(0), C1/c1 with oblique, nearly vertical wear facet; 23(1), fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to C1 present; 25(1), alveolus of C1/c1 projects anteriorly; 37(4), mandibular depth> 25%, £ 27.5% of MML; 40(2), ascending ramus of mandible covers posterior teeth in lateral view; 48(1), angular process of intermediate development, ratio of length to depth> 1.0, <1.25; 84(0), orbit in typical mammalian position in lateral view; 106(2), well-developed buccinator fossa; 152(1), descending process of jugal wide at base, tapers strongly toward tip; 170(2), zygomatic process of squamosal deep; 178(2), postorbital process lies anterior to maxillary foramen. Drawings based on skull (AMNH 17722) and mandibles (AMNH 17710 & AMNH 17719) of Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Figure 9 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 9. Skull and lower jaw of Nothrotheriops and Pronothrotherium. A, skull and lower jaw of Nothrotheriops shown in left lateral view. B, skull of Pronothrotherium shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 2(4), 4/3 dental formula; 3(0), toothrow horizontal in lateral view; 37(2), mandible of moderate depth,> 20%, £ 22.5% of MML; 56(1), condylar surface nearly horizontal in lateral view; 68(2), symphyseal spout elongate; 86(0), snout narrow; 132(1), pterygoid/vomer contact; 137(2), large pterygoid sinus present; 189(1), posterior edge of occipital condyles at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum; 199(1), ethmoid covered by vomer in roof of nasopharynx; 200(1), vomer with elongate, asymmetrical keel extending posteriorly into nasopharynx; 201(1), vomer with large exposure in roof of nasopharynx, covering presphenoid and much of basisphenoid. Drawing A modified from Stock (1925); drawing B based upon specimen of Pronothrotherium typicum (FMNH P14467).
Figure 6 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 6. Skull and lower jaw of Paramylodon harlani. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 16(1), long axis of posterior molariform teeth oblique to long axis of skull; 65(0), mandibular symphysis with convex profile in lateral view; 91(1), profile of nasal region and braincase roughly horizontal in lateral view, but nasal region depressed relative to braincase; 95(1), complete zygomatic arch; 111(0), medial palatal process of maxilla anterior to lateral palatal process; 115(1), palatal process of premaxilla V-shaped, wide; 149(0), wide ascending process of jugal; 171(1), free end of zygomatic process of squamosal broad and somewhat flattened. [Modified from Stock (1925).]
Figure 5 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 5. Skull and lower jaw of Scelidotherium. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 14(2), c1 neither smallest nor largest tooth; 17(3), molariforms with flat occlusal surface; 20(4), C1/c1 with flat occlusal surface; 31(3), M1 lobate, its transverse width greater than its anteroposterior length; 33(5), M2 & M3 lobate, their transverse width greater than their anteroposterior length; 51(0), short condyloid process; 85(1), snout moderately elongate, <40%, ≥ 27% of BNL; 87(1), snout elevated anteriorly; 105(1), maxilla elevated for dental alveoli only in the middle, coincident with molariform row; 107(0), dorsal contact of maxilla and frontal excluded by nasal/lacrimal contact; 111(0), medial palatal process of maxilla anterior to lateral palatal process; 113(0), premaxilla tightly sutured to skull; 117(1), incisive foramen slit-like, hidden in ventral view by medial palatal process of maxilla; 121(5), palatal profile evenly convex in lateral view; 137(1), pterygoid inflated at base; 152(0), descending process of jugal wide; 172(2), frontal/parietal suture well posterior to front of glenoid; 189(1), posterior edge of occipital condyles at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum. [Modified from Owen (1857).]
Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)
<p>Sloth morphological evolution has been widely studied qualitatively, with comparative anatomy and morpho-functional approaches, or through quantitative assessments of morphological variation using morphometrics. Only recently, however, have folivoran morphological disparity and evolutionary rates begun to be evaluated using discrete character data. Nonetheless, patterns of morphological evolution in separate character partitions have not been investigated, neither the relative influence of, on the one hand, phylogeny, and on the other, dietary and locomotory adaptations of sloths. Here we evaluate those patterns using a phylomorphospace approach, quantifying morphological disparity and evolutionary rates, and investigating possible drivers of morphological evolution for cranial and postcranial characters in Folivora. The evolution of the morphology in those partitions is associated with distinct patterns of disparity among clades and ecological groups, even though the two partitions do not differ substantially in overall evolutionary tempo. Historical processes shaped the morphological evolution of sloths more consistently than ecological ones, although changes in postcranial characters also seem to be associated with locomotory adaptations, in which morphological convergences were much more common. We also discuss important methodological trade-offs in investigations of partitioned datasets mostly composed of fossil taxa.</p>
Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)
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Data from: Genomics meets applied ecology: characterizing habitat quality for sloths in a tropical agroecosystem
Understanding how habitat quality in heterogeneous landscapes governs the distribution and fitness of individuals is a fundamental aspect of ecology. While mean individual fitness is generally considered a key to assessing habitat quality, a comprehensive understanding of habitat quality in heterogeneous landscapes requires estimates of dispersal rates among habitat types. The increasing accessibility of genomic approaches, combined with field-based demographic methods, provides novel opportunities for incorporating dispersal estimation into assessments of habitat quality. In this study, we integrated genomic kinship approaches with field-based estimates of fitness components and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) procedures to estimate habitat-specific dispersal rates and characterize habitat quality in two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) occurring in a Costa Rican agricultural ecosystem. Field-based observations indicated that birth and survival rates were similar in a sparsely-shaded cacao farm and adjacent cattle pasture-forest mosaic. Sloth density was threefold higher in pasture compared to cacao, whereas home range size and overlap were greater in cacao compared to pasture. Dispersal rates were similar between the two habitats, as estimated using ABC procedures applied to the spatial distribution of pairs of related individuals identified using 3,431 SNP and 11 microsatellite locus genotypes. Our results indicate that crops produced under a sparse overstory can, in some cases, constitute lower quality habitat than pasture-forest mosaics for sloths, perhaps because of differences in food resources or predator communities. Finally, our study demonstrates that integrating field-based demographic approaches with genomic methods can provide a powerful means for characterizing habitat quality for animal populations occurring in heterogeneous landscapes.
Data from: Natal dispersal of tree sloths in a human-dominated landscape: implications for tropical biodiversity conservation
1. Habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from the conversion of tropical forests are among the most important threats to biodiversity globally. Habitat specialists and species with low dispersal capacity are expected to be the most sensitive to such changes. Relatively little is known, however, about how habitat change and life history interact to impact natal dispersal and population viability in tropical species. 2. Here, we characterized natal dispersal patterns, habitat selection, and survival rates in two-toed (Choloepus hoffmanni) and three-toed (Bradypus variegatus) sloths within a human-dominated tropical landscape in Costa Rica consisting of a shade-grown cacao plantation surrounded by riparian forests and cattle pastures. 3. Radio-marked individuals of both species preferentially selected tropical forests during natal dispersal and were commonly observed using riparian forest buffers for dispersal. The more specialized and sedentary three-toed sloth, however, avoided both pastures and shade-grown cacao for dispersal, whereas two-toed sloths only avoided pastures. 4. Juvenile survival was lower for three-toed than two-toed sloths, and was lowest immediately following maternal independence for both species. Despite interspecific differences, juvenile survival was high and sufficient to maintain stable populations of both species. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that tropical forest conversion is more likely to impact the natal dispersal success of specialized and dispersal-limited species. Moreover, riparian forest buffers appear to provide critical corridors for maintaining such species, and biodiversity more broadly, in modified tropical landscapes.07-Feb-2018
Data from: The demography of a resource specialist in the tropics: Cecropia trees and the fitness of three-toed sloths
Resource specialists persist on a narrow range of resources. Consequently, the abundance of key resources should drive vital rates, individual fitness and population viability. While Neotropical forests feature both high levels of biodiversity and numbers of specialist species, no studies have directly evaluated how the variation of key resources affects the fitness of a tropical specialist. Here, we quantified the effect of key tree species density and forest cover on the fitness of three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus), an arboreal folivore strongly associated with Cecropia trees, in Costa Rica using a multi-year demographic, genetic and space use dataset. We found that the density of Cecropia trees was strongly and positively related to both adult survival and reproductive output. A matrix model parameterized with Cecropia-demography relationships suggested positive growth of sloth populations, even at low densities of Cecropia (0.7 trees/ha). Our study shows the first direct link between the density of a key resource to demographic consequences of a tropical specialist, underscoring the sensitivity of tropical specialists to the loss of a single key resource, but also point to targeted conservation measures to increase that resource. Finally, our study reveals that previously disturbed and regenerating environments can support viable populations of tropical specialists.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus)
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Sloth Bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>) from http://braincatalogue.org/Sloth_bear</p>
Data from: Bayesian total-evidence dating revisits sloth phylogeny and biogeography: a cautionary tale on morphological clock analyses
<p>Combining morphological and molecular characters through Bayesian total-evidence dating allows inferring the phylogenetic and timescale framework of both extant and fossil taxa, while accounting for the stochasticity and incompleteness of the fossil record. Such an integrative approach is particularly needed when dealing with clades such as sloths (Mammalia: Folivora), for which developmental and biomechanical studies have shown high levels of morphological convergence whereas molecular data can only account for a limited percentage of their total species richness. Here, we propose an alternative hypothesis of sloth evolution that emphasizes the pervasiveness of morphological convergence and the importance of considering the fossil record and an adequate taxon sampling in both phylogenetic and biogeographic inferences. Regardless of different clock models and morphological datasets, the extant sloth <em>Bradypus</em> is consistently recovered as a megatherioid, and <em>Choloepus</em> as a mylodontoid, in agreement with molecular-only analyses. The recently extinct Caribbean sloths (Megalocnoidea) are found to be a monophyletic sister-clade of Megatherioidea, in contrast to previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Our results contradict previous morphological analyses and further support the polyphyly of "Megalonychidae", whose members were found in five different clades. Regardless of taxon sampling and clock models, the Caribbean colonization of sloths is compatible with the exhumation of islands along Aves Ridge and its geological time frame. Overall, our total-evidence analysis illustrates the difficulty of positioning highly incomplete fossils, although a robust phylogenetic framework was recovered by an <em>a posteriori</em> removal of taxa with high percentages of missing characters. Elimination of these taxa improved topological resolution by reducing polytomies and increasing node support. However, it introduced a systematic and geographic bias because most of these incomplete specimens are from northern South America. This is evident in biogeographic reconstructions, which suggest Patagonia as the area of origin of many clades when taxa are underrepresented, but Amazonia and/or Central and Southern Andes when all taxa are included. More generally, our analyses demonstrate the instability of topology and divergence time estimates when using different morphological datasets and clock models, and thus caution against making macroevolutionary inferences when node support is weak or when uncertainties in the fossil record are not considered.</p>
Data from: Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in Central Brazil around the last glacial maximum
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The peopling of the Americas and human interaction with the Pleistocene megafauna in South America remain hotly debated. Santa Elina rock shelter in Central Brazil shows evidence of successive human settlements from around the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene. Two Pleistocene archaeological layers include a rich lithic industry associated with remains of the extinct giant ground sloth <em>Glossotherium phoenesis</em>. The remains include thousands of osteoderms (i.e., dermal bones), three of which were human-modified. In this study, we perform a traceological analysis of these artefacts by optical microscopy, non-destructive scanning electron microscopy, UV/visible photoluminescence, and synchrotron-based microtomography. We also describe the spatial association between the giant sloth bone remains and stone tools and provide a Bayesian age model that confirms the timing of this association in</span> <span>two time horizons of the Pleistocene in Santa Elina. The conclusion from our traceological study is that the three giant sloth osteoderms were intentionally modified into artefacts before fossilisation of the bones. This provides additional evidence for the contemporaneity of humans and megafauna, and for the human manufacturing of personal artefacts on bone remains of ground sloths, around the LGM in Central Brazil.</span></p>
Data from: The demography of a resource specialist in the tropics: Cecropia trees and the fitness of three-toed sloths
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Data from: Genomics meets applied ecology: characterizing habitat quality for sloths in a tropical agroecosystem
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Data from: First 87Sr/86Sr Isotope data for the extinct sloth Lestodon armatus: Insights into the spatial ecology of South American Late Pleistocene Megafauna
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Data from: Bayesian total-evidence dating revisits sloth phylogeny and biogeography: a cautionary tale on morphological clock analyses
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Data from: Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in Central Brazil around the last glacial maximum
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Data from: Natal dispersal of tree sloths in a human-dominated landscape: implications for tropical biodiversity conservation
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Data from: Postcranial anatomy of the extinct terrestrial sloth Simomylodon uccasamamensis (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano and its evolutionary implications
<p>Extinct terrestrial sloths are common elements of the late Cenozoic South American fossil record. Among them, Mylodontinae species were particularly abundant in the Americas throughout the Pleistocene epoch, and their anatomy is relatively well known. In contrast, less information is available from the Neogene record and particularly from localities at low latitudes, with an additional and considerable bias in favor of craniodental rather than postcranial remains. In this contribution, we provide comparative descriptions of several postcranial bony elements ascribed to <i>Simomylodon uccasamamensis</i>, a moderate-sized extinct mylodontine from the Andean Altiplano. This species was particularly abundant during latest Miocene–late Pliocene times in the high altitudes of the Andean Cordillera, and so far represents the best known mylodontine from the Neogene of South America. Its anatomy is compared with that of several extinct terrestrial sloths, with the aim of using the observed morphologies to elucidate taxonomy, phylogeny, and locomotion. From a morphofunctional perspective, the postcranium of <i>S. uccasamamensi</i>s is consistent with that of a terrestrial graviportal quadruped, with moderate climbing and digging capabilities.</p>
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