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FIGURE 12 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURE 12. The single cladogram for species of Brachygastra, with a length of 178, consistency index of 0.57 and retention index of 0.80; based on the data matrix from table 1. Characters numbers are placed above circles, with state numbers below; filled circles denote an uncontroverted step, while open circles indicate reversals and convergences.

FIGURE 11 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURE 11. (A) B. propodealis and (B) B. bilineolata, scutellum in dorsolateral view; (C) B. bilineolata and (D) B. smithii, scutellum in lateral view; (E) B. bilineolata and (F) B. smithii, scutum in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 6 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURES 6. (A) B. mellifica and (B) B. augusti, head in frontal view; (C) B. mellifica and (D) B. moebiana, scutellum in dorsolateral view; (E) B. borellii and (F) B. albula, metanotum in frontal view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of (A) Brachygastra mellifica, (B) Brachygastra scutellaris, and (C) Brachygastra smithii: A1, B1, C1 = paramere, lateral view; A2, B2, C2 = aedeagus, lateral view; A3, B3, C3 = aedeagus, ventral view; A4, B4, C4 = cuspis, lateral view; A5, B5, C5 = digitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURE 4. Male genitalia of (A) Brachygastra bilineolata and (B) Brachygastra lecheguana: A1, B1 = aedeagus, ventral view; A2, B2 = aedeagus, lateral view; A3, B3 = volsella, lateral view; A4, B4 = paramere, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm

FIGURE 3 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURE 3. Male genitalia of (A) Brachygastra borellii and (B) Brachygastra cooperi: A1, B1 = paramere, lateral view; A2, B2 = aedeagus, lateral view; A3, B3 = aedeagus, ventral view; A4, B4 = cuspis, lateral view; A5, B5 = digitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURE 2. Male genitalia of (A) Brachygastra augusti and (B) Brachygastra azteca: A1, B1 = paramere, lateral view; A2, B2 = aedeagus, lateral view; A3, B3 = aedeagus, ventral view; A4, B4 = cuspis, lateral view; A5, B5 = digitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A phylogenetic analysis of the social wasp genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833, and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

FIGURE 1. Female of Brachygastra cooperi, sp. n. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 7 in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''

Fig. 7. Screen display of same portion of the 28S alignment as in figure 6, with the show character statistics toggle of Winclada set to on. See text for explanation of the numbers displayed.

Fig. 6 in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''

Fig. 6. Portion of 28S alignment of Schmitz and Moritz (1998) as displayed on the screen by Winclada.

Fig. 2. Cladogram for the 28S in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''

Fig. 2. Cladogram for the 28S rDNA alignment of Schmitz and Moritz (1998). The length is 302 steps; consistency index = 0.76 and retention index = 0.80.

Fig. 3. Cladogram for the combined 16S in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''

Fig. 3. Cladogram for the combined 16S data and the morphological and behavioral characters (see appendix 1). The length is 652 steps; consistency index = 0.64 and retention index = 0.69.

Fig. 4. Consensus tree for the combined 28S in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''

Fig. 4. Consensus tree for the combined 28S data and the morphological and behavioral characters (see appendix 1). The length is of the two underlying cladograms is 458 steps; consistency index = 0.81 and retention index = 0.85.

Fig. 5 in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''

Fig. 5. Cladogram for the combined sequence datasets and the morphological and behavioral characters. The length is 907 steps; consistency index = 0.68 and retention index = 0.75.

Fig. 21 in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)

Fig. 21. Flagellomeres: A, Apoica arborea. Flagellomeres are ''knotted'', or convex both dorsally (1 and 2) and ventrally (3); B, Apoica pallida. Dorsal flagellomeres are either slightly convex (19) or nearly flat (29), as is typical of other vespids. Ventral flagellomeres are nearly flat (39).

Fig. 22 in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)

Fig. 22. Anal lobe: A, Apoica arborea, anal lobe present; B, Apoica albimacula, anal lobe absent (here severely reduced).

Fig. 20. A in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)

Fig. 20. A: Apoica ellenae. Mesonotum sits lower relative to pronotum, mesonotal bristles do not reach anterior margin; B: Apoica thoracica. Mesonotum sits higher (typical), mesonotal bristles reach anterior margin.

Fig. 15 in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)

Fig. 15. Mesonotum with longitudinal stripes: A, Apoica arborea female, absent; B, Apoica strigata, 4 pales stripes, two on either side of the parapsidal furrows. The lateral two stripes are sometimes lacking. C, Apoica ambracarina, two dark stripes, medial to the parapsidal furrows, fusing posteriorly. Scale bars 51.0 mm.

Fig. 14 in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)

Fig. 14. Aedeagus: A, Apoica gelida, posterior end of aedeagus widening, B, Apoica arborea, posterior end of aedeagus straight. Scale bars 5 1.0 mm.

Fig. 16 in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)

Fig. 16. Strict consensus (L 5 94; CI 5 0.52; RI 5 0.64) of three equally parsimonious topologies (L 5 91; CI 5 0.53; RI 5 0.66) of Apoica spp. and outgroups based on morphology and behavior. Numbers above and below each branch are jackknife and Bremer support values, respectively. Jackknife values below 50% and Bremer values of 1 are not reported.