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FIGURE 24. Exechonella spinosa Osburn, 1940 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 24. Exechonella spinosa Osburn, 1940. Bermuda (A‒E: lectotype USNM 11849, A‒D, first fragment, E, second fragment). A, D, E, general view of fragments. B, primary orifice and peristome of first fragment. C, close-up of frontal shield showing foramina and broken processes. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B‒E = 100 µm.
FIGURE 21. Exechonella nikitai n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 21. Exechonella nikitai n. sp. Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (A‒C, E, G, H: paratype DPUV 2012-0007-0006; D: paratype DPUV 2012-0007-0007; F: DPUV 2012-0007-0008). A, B, general colony view from above (in B peristomes have a sinus). C, D, lateral view of colony showing shape of peristomes and multiporous mural septulum. Kenozooids shown by arrows (in C). E, lateral view of autozooid showing shape of foramina, peristome, marginal pores and multiporous mural septulum. Kenozooid shown by arrow. F, close-up of autozooids (view from above). G, ancestrula (to the right) and two distal zooids. H, details of primary orifice and peristome. Condyle shown by arrow. Scale bars: A, B, D = 1 mm; C, E‒H = 100 µm.
FIGURE 19. Exechonella catalinae n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 19. Exechonella catalinae n. sp. Red Sea (A, C, F: paratype DPUV 2012-0002-0006, Northern Bay of Safaga; B, D: E, paratype DPUV 2012-0002-0007, Northern Bay of Safaga; G, H: IPUW 7016, Jeddah). A, G, general colony view from above. B, close-up of two zooids showing details of primary orifice and peristomes. Three lateralmost foramina shown by arrows. C, D, lateral view of peripheral colony part showing shape of peristomes and multiporous mural septula. E, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid in cleaned colony. Central nipple-like structure is surrounded by denticulate rim. Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates. F, H, details of primary orifice and peristome. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm; B, D‒F = 100 µm; G = 2 mm; H = 400 µm.
FIGURE 18. Exechonella claereboudti n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 18. Exechonella claereboudti n. sp. Indian Ocean, Oman (A‒H: holotype DPUV 2012-0003-0001). A, general view of holotype from above. B, peripheral part of holotype (frontal view): primary orifices have either quadrate or shallow rounded poster. C, lateral view of peripheral part of holotype showing shape of peristomes and multiporous mural septula. D, close-up of several peripheral autozooids. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularium shown by arrows. E, ancestrular zone of holotype with ancestrula in the centre. F, H, details of primary orifice with shallow rounded poster and peristome. G, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid in cleaned colony. Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates. Marginal pores are visible in this and neighbour zooids. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C‒H = 100 µm.
FIGURE 16. Exechonella azeezi n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 16. Exechonella azeezi n. sp. (A‒G: A, IPUW 7544; B, G, paratype DPUV 2012-0001-0008; C, IPUW 7543; D, IPUW 7545, non-cleaned; E, F, paratype DPUV 2012-0001-0007 (all from Red Sea). H, I: D, IPUW 7546; I, D, IPUW 7013 (both from Maldive Islands)). A, general view of the part of colony from above. B, close-up of three zooids. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows. C, lateral view of the peripheral part of the colony, showing peristome shape and multiporous mural septula. D, lateralmost foramen with avicularium. Arrowhead shows an edge of mandible. E, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid (below). Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates, larger marginal pores are seen laterally. F, G, close-up of two autozooids showing details of primary orifice and peristome. In F kenozooid (k) associated with avicularium (arrowhead) is visible to the left. H, general view of six peripheral autozooids from above. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularium shown by arrows. I, young colony of three autozooids and kenozooid (below). Supposed ancestrula is to the left. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C, F, G, I = 100 µm; D, E = 10 µm; H = 500 µm.
FIGURE 17. Exechonella similis n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 17. Exechonella similis n. sp. Great Barrier Reef, Lizard Island (A: paratype DPUV 2016-0001-0002; F, G: paratype 2016-0001-0003; B‒E, H: holotype MTQ G100216). A, general view of non-cleaned colony from above. Peripheral zooidal buds with membranous frontal wall are well seen. Peristomes with processes are seen in some zooids in the central colony part. B, E, F, close-up of autozooids. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows in B. C, peripheral part of the colony, showing peristome shape and multiporous mural septula. D, close-up of autozooid showing details of primary orifice and peristome. G, non-cleaned lateralmost foramen with avicularium. Arrowhead shows an edge of mandible. H, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid in cleaned colony. Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B‒E = 100 µm; F = 500 µm; G = 50 µm; H = 10 µm.
FIGURE 12. Exechonella floridiana n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 12. Exechonella floridiana n. sp. Atlantic Ocean, Florida (A‒D: holotype USNM 545918, non-cleaned colony). A, general view of holotype from above. B, close-up of autozooid with two avicularia (arrowheads) associated with lateralmost foramina. Details of primary orifice are visible (operculum removed). C, close-up of autozooid with two avicularia (arrowheads) associated with lateralmost foramina. Each lateral foramen has two openings. D, lateralmost foramen with avicularium and two openings. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 200 µm; C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm.
FIGURE 14. Exechonella harmelini n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 14. Exechonella harmelini n. sp. Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon (A, C, D, F: holotype DPUV 2016-0002-0001, noncleaned; B, paratype DPUV 2016-0002-0002, non-cleaned; E, G, H, paratype DPUV 2016-0002-0005). A, B, general view of holotype and paratype from above. 'Spiral' pattern of zooidal budding is clearly visible. C, general view of the central part of non-cleaned holotype from above. D, E, close-up of autozooids with avicularia associated with lateralmost foramina (some shown by arrows). F, H, close-up of autozooid showing details of primary orifice and variability of its shape. Kenozooids (k) with pores having centrally perforated cuticular plate are visible in H. G, details of the frontal shields of two neighbour zooids showing lateralmost foramina (one with two openings) with avicularia (arrowheads). Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C = 1 mm; D, E = 500 µm; F, G = 200 µm; H = 300 µm.
FIGURE 23 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 23. Exechonella verrucosa (Canu & Bassler, 1927) n. comb. Philippines (A, B, G: holotype USNM 8465; C‒F, H, USNM 545930, non-cleaned colony). A, general colony view from above. Kenozooid is shown by arrow in A. B, E, close-up of autozooid. Lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows in B. C, three non-cleaned peripheral autozooids with their orificies closed by opercula. D, details of primary orifice and peristome. Condyle shown by arrow. F, close-up of partial frontal shield showing fused foraminal rims and their broken hollow processes. G, close-up of autozooidal frontal shield showing lateralmost foramina with avicularium, foramina, frontal processes and marginal pores. H, lateralmost foramina with avicularium. Mandible edge shown by arrowhead. Scale bars: A, C = 500 µm; B, E = 200 µm; D, F, G = 100 µm; H = 50 µm.
FIGURE 27 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 27. Actisecos regularis Canu & Bassler, 1927. Philippines (A, B: lectotype USNM 8325; C, D, F, paralectotype USNM 545928; E, G, H, paralectotype USNM 545929). A, general view of lectotype from above. B, central part of lectotype from above (ancestrula shown by arrowhead). C, D, general view of paralectotype from above (ancestrula shown by arrowhead in D). E, general view of paralectotype from below. F, close-up of several autozooids showing peristome shape and details of frontal surface. G, H, close-up of the peripheral part of colony from below showing ooecia, basal pore chambers (some shown by arrows) with communication pores and flat kenozooids. Scale bars: A, C‒E = 500 µm; B, F‒H = 200 µm.
FIGURE 13. Exechonella panamensis n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 13. Exechonella panamensis n. sp. Caribbean Sea, San Blas Archipelago (A‒F: holotype USNM 545919). A‒D, general view of holotype from above. In B and D some avicularia associated with lateralmost foramina shown by arrows. E, F, close-up of autozooids showing shape of primary orifice. Avicularia shown by arrowheads. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm; B, D, = 500 µm; E, F = 200 µm.
FIGURE 11. Exechonella vieirai n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 11. Exechonella vieirai n. sp. (A‒F: DPUV 2016-0001-0001, Atlantic Ocean, Brazil; G, H, USNM 545921, Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico). A, B, general view of two holotype fragments from above. Some lateral foramina with avicularia shown by arrows. C, D, primary orifices of different shape. E, close-up of two zooids on fragment periphery. Lateral foramen with avicularium shown by arrow. F, close-up of the above foramen with avicularium (foraminal lumen obstructed by a dust particle). G, general view of the colony from above. H, close-up of zooid showing details of primary orifice and peristome. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, G = 500 µm; C, D, H, = 200 µm; E = 400 µm; F = 50 µm.
FIGURE 10. Exechonella californiensis n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 10. Exechonella californiensis n. sp. Pacific Ocean, California (A‒D: holotype USNM 10741, non-cleaned colony). A, general view of holotype from above. B‒C, close-up of autozooids showing shape of primary orifice and kenozooids (k). D, zooidal orifice with removed operculum. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B‒D = 200 µm.
FIGURE 22. Exechonella vavrai n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 22. Exechonella vavrai n. sp. Red Sea (A‒F: holotype DPUV 2012-0005-0001). A, general view of holotype (overgrown by a colony of Puellina sp.) from above. B, close-up of five autozooids (lateral cylindrical foramina shown by arrows). C, D, lateral view of autozooids on colony periphery showing shape of peristomes, conical foramina, marginal pores and multiporous mural septulum (lateralmost cylindrical foramen with kenozooid shown in D by arrow). E, close-up of lateralmost cylindrical foramen (arrowhead) with kenozooid (k). F, details of primary orifice (condyles shown by arrows). Scale bars: A‒F = 100 µm.
FIGURE 26. Exechonella rimopora n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 26. Exechonella rimopora n. sp. Philippines (A‒I: holotype USNM 545931). A, C, general view of the upper (A) and the lower (c) parts of holotype from above. B, close-up of several autozooids on the colony periphery (some lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows). D, E, details of primary orifice and peristome. F, G, close-up of autozooids (lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows). H, I, close-up of lateralmost foramina with avicularia. Scale bars: A, C = 500 µm; B, D, E = 100 µm; F, G = 200 µm; H, I = 50 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 7. Exechonella antillea (Osburn, 1927). Caribbean Sea, Curaçao (A‒G: lectotype USNM 11960, non-cleaned colony). A, C, D, general view of lectotype from above. Some lateralmost foramina shown by arrows in D. B, close-up of autozooid with an operculum removed. E, close-up of autozooid with two lateralmost foramina bearing avicularia, each associated with kenozooid (k). Two more kenozooids (k) are seen proximally. F, avicularium with a mandible closing a foraminal lumen (arrowhead points to mandible edge). G, primary orifice with a peristome and condyles. Kenozooid (k) is seen in the upper left corner. Scale bars: A, B, F, G = 100 µm; C = 500 µm; D, E = 200 µm.
FIGURE 8 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 8. Exechonella antillea (Osburn, 1927). Caribbean Sea, Curaçao (A‒H: NNHML Coll. N° 2997, total mounts). A, autozooid with forming polypide and ovary (ov). B, autozooid containing polypide and 2-blastomers embryo (e) inside the internal brood sac (its wall shown by arrows). C‒D, autozooids with their frontal shield showing radiating sutures connecting foramina. Large lateralmost foramina bearing avicularia (not-recognizable in this magnification) are associated with kenozoidal (k) chamber. E, autozooid with polypide and lateral avicularium (arrowhead). F, avicularium showing semi-circular mandible (outline shown by arrowheads), rounded sclerite (s) and nipple-like structure with central opening (arrow). Granular tissue is visible. G, part of the frontal shield showing avicularium with semi-circular mandible (outline shown by arrowheads), rounded sclerite (s) and tendons of two muscles (arrow). Several foramina occluded by diatomeans are seen too. H, avicularian internal chamber with granular tissue and central body—presumed rudimentary polypide with retractor muscles below (arrows). Scale bars: A‒E = 100 µm; F = 50 µm; G, H = 20 µm.
FIGURE 6. Exechonella maldiviensis n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 6. Exechonella maldiviensis n. sp. Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (A‒D: holotype DPUV 2013-0002-0001; E: paratype DPUV 2013-0002-0008; F: paratype DPUV 2013-0002-0007). A, general view of holotype from above. Ancestrular zone is broken. B, central part of the same colony. C, peripheral part of the same colony showing typical frontal processes, some 'curved' around foramina. D, primary orifice with condyles (right condyle with a 'pocket' shown by arrow). E, general view of the dichotomously branching paratype colony from above (one zooid shows partially broken peristome with flared edge, intrazooidal budding is seen in another zooid (arrow)). Ancestrular zone is overgrown by calcareous algae. F, lateral view of the peripheral part of the colony showing zooidal frontal shields with pointed processes associated with foramina, marginal pores and lateral multiporous septulum. Scale bars: A, E = 1 mm; B‒D, F = 100 µm.
FIGURE 5. Exechonella safagaensis n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 5. Exechonella safagaensis n. sp. Red Sea (A‒C: paratype DPUV 2013-0001-0009, the Northern Bay of Safaga; D‒F: paratype DPUV 2013-0001-0010, the Northern Bay of Safaga; E, IPUW 7023, Jeddah). A, general view of the colony from above. Ancestrular zone is broken. B, central part of the same colony. C, lateral view of the peripheral part of the same colony showing non-damaged peristomes with flared edge and frontal processes associated with foramina. D, lateral view of the peripheral part of the colony showing non-damaged peristomes with rounded edge without spikes and lateral multiporous septula. E, primary orifice with condyles hardly visible (arrows). F, close-up of the frontal shield with foramina two of which bear pointed process. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B‒E = 100 µm; F = 10 µm.
FIGURE 3. Exechonella reniporosa n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 3. Exechonella reniporosa n. sp. Great Barrier Reef, Lizard Island (A‒F: holotype MTQ G100215). A, general view of the colony from above. B, central part of the colony showing multiporous mural septulum in left autozooid. C, proximal part of the colony with ancestrula. D, peripheral autozooid showing typical foraminal shape. E, primary orifice with condyles shown by arrows (lower part of the 'pocket' seen above the right condyle). F, close-up of adventitious kenozooid (k) with five pores, three of them having a tiny central pore. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B‒E = 100 µm; F = 10 µm.
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