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Fig. 5 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 5. Thyropygus mesocristatus sp. nov., from Srikasorn, holotype (CUMZ-D00094), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Lateral view. D. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. E. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.

Fig. 2 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 2. Thyropygus cimi sp. nov., from Namwang Srithammasokrach, holotype (CUMZ-D00086), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Lateral view. D. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. E. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.

Fig. 1 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Thyropygus species based on maximum likelihood analysis (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) of 1147 bp of concatenated gene fragments of COI (660 bp) and 16S rRNA (487 bp). Numbers at nodes indicate branch support based on bootstrapping (ML) / posterior probability (BI). Scale bar = 0.06 substitutions/site. # indicates branches which received <50% ML bootstrap support, - indicates non-supported branches by posterior probability. Clade memberships and designations are shown as vertical bars; 1A1 = T. allevatus, 1A2 = cuisinieri subgroup, 1A3 = opinatus subgroup and 1A4 = induratus subgroup. The coloured area marks the T. opinatus subgroup. Abbreviations after species names refer to locality names as shown in Table 1.

Fig. 7 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 7. Thyropygus planispina sp. nov., from Tham Sua temple, holotype (CUMZ-D00088), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Lateral view. D. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. E. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.

Fig. 6 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 6. Thyropygus navychula sp. nov., from Surin Islands, holotype (CUMZ-D00095), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. D. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.

Fig. 4 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 4. Thyropygus forceps sp. nov., gonopods. – A, C–E. Holotype (CUMZ-D00092), ♂, from Namwang Srithammasokrach. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. D. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. E. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view. – B. Specimen from Tham Pha Deang temple (CUMZ-D00093), ♂. Anterior view, left telopodite removed.

Fig. 10 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 10. Thyropygus ursus sp. nov., from Lanta Islands, holotype (NMHW-Inv.7855), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. D. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.

Fig. 9 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 9. Thyropygus undulatus sp. nov., from Khao Phanom Bencha, holotype (CUMZ-D00087), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Lateral view. D. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. E. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.

Fig. 3 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 3. Thyropygus culter sp. nov., from Rorn waterfall, holotype (CUMZ-D00091), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. D. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov., holotype. Left gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior, slightly basal view. B. Anterior, slightly basal view. C. Anterior, slightly basal view. D. Basal view. E–F. Detail of margin of telomere. F. Tip of telomere. Abbreviations: ba = basomere, pn = post-torsal narrowing, slm = solenomere, tdp = telomeral distal process, tlm = telomere, ts1, ts2 = telomeral spines, tt = torsotope. Scales: A–D = 0.1 mm; F = 0.05 mm; E = 0.005 mm.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A. Part of midbody showing the characteristic course of the suture and the position of the ozopore (highlighted in red on one body ring). B–D. Left gonopod coxa. B. Anterior-mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Mesal view, close-up. E. Limbus. Abbreviations: cu = cucullus, lp = lateral coxal process, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, ms = metaplical shelf, msp =metaplical spine, pp = proplica, prl = proplical lobe. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.1 mm; E = 0.005 mm.

Fig. 7 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 7. Utiliverpa decapsulatrix gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A–D. Right gonopod coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Posterior-apical view. E–H. Left gonopod telopodite. E. Anterior view. F. Posterior view. G. Mesal-anterior-apical view. H. Solenomere. I. Limbus. Abbreviations: All = apical lateral lobe of coxa, mbp = metaplical bifid process, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, msp = metaplical spine, prl = proplical lobe, pp = proplica, ps proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tlm = telomere, tss = telomeral subapical spike, tt = torsotope. Scales: A–H = 0.1 mm; I = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 4 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 4. Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve above Chita village, left gonopod telopodite. A. Apical view, coxal parts in orange colour. B. Basal view, purple oval roughly corresponds to Fig. 4D, coxal parts in orange colour, the green line indicates the distal margin of the telomere. C.Tip of solenomere. D. Origin of proximal solenomeral spine (ps) between two basal lobe of telomere (tlm), image roughly corresponding to purple oval on Fig. 4B. E. Micro-spinose field on basal external side of telomere basis, image roughly corresponding to area in yellow circle on Fig. 3G. F. Micro-spinose field on distal part of telomere concavity, image roughly corresponding to area in red oval on Fig. 3H. Abbreviations: eg = efferent groove, pn = post-torsal narrowing, ps = proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tf = telomeral furrow, tlm = telomere, tr = telomeral ridge tt = torsotope. Scales: A–B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Body size (body diameter/number of podous rings) of males of the new species described here.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve above Chita village. A, C. Telson. A. Posterior view. C. Lateral view. B. Limbus, the double-headed arrow indicates the extent of the limbus. D. Body ring 7, left lateral view. E. Detail of limbus to show microstriolation. F–G. Left gonopod. F. Mesal view. G. Anterior view, the yellow circle indicates the position of the microspinose field shown in Fig. 4E. H. Posterior view, the red oval indicates the position of the microspinose field shown in Fig. 4E, the green line indicates the distal margin of the telomere; blue colour = mounting tape. Abbreviations: all = apical lateral lobe of coxa, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, msp = metaplical spine, pn = post-torsal narrowing, pp = proplica, prl = proplical lobe, ps = proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tlm = telomere, tt = torsotope. Scales: A, C–D, F–H = 0.1 mm; B, E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mountains, showing the collecting localities for Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov. (yellow dots), Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov. (blue cross), and Utiliverpa decapsulatrix sp. nov. (red diamond). Based on fig. 1 in Marshall et al. (2010).

Fig. 34 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 34. Intercalary cuticular microscutes in Chaleponcus spp. A. C. netus sp. nov. B. C. tintin sp. nov. C–D. C. nikolajscharffi sp. nov. Fig. D shows fungus-like outgrowths from scutes. Scales 0.001 mm.

Fig. 32 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 32. Distribution of species of the Chaleponcus dabagaensis group in Forest Reserves of the Udzungwa Mts. The position of the Forest Reserves in relation to each other approximately corresponds to their true relative positions, cf. Fig. 1. Underlined species acronyms denote species known only from one Forest Reserve. Shared species are shown on lines connecting the circles. – Forest Reserve acronyms: KIG = Kigogo, KK = Kiranzi/Kitunguli, KR = Kisinga/Rugaro, MWA = Mwanihana, NDU = New Dabaga/Ulangambi, US = Udzungwa Scarp, WKS = West Kilombero Scarp. – Species acronyms: BAS = basiliscus, CIR = circumvallatus, DAB = dabagaensis, GRA = gracilior, HAM = hamerae, HOW = howelli, IBI = ibis, KRA = krai, MAL = malleolus, MWB = mwabvui, MWN = mwanihanensis, NEC = nectarinia, NET = netus, NIK = nikolajscharffi, QUA = quasimodo, SCO = scopus, TES = teres, TEM = termini, TIN = tintin, VAN = vandenspiegeli, VIL = vilici.

Fig. 31 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 31. Chaleponcus tintin sp. nov., left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal-anterior view. C. Ventral (-anterior) view. D. Posterior (-mesal) view. al = anterior telomeral lamella, cu = cucullus, mfp = metaplical flange process, ms = metaplical shelf, mss = metaplical shelf-spine, pl = posterior telomeral lamella, plb = basal branch of pl, ps = proximal spine on solenomere. Scales 0.1 mm.

Fig. 30 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 30. Chaleponcus howelli sp. nov., left gonopod. A. Mesal-ventral (-anterior) view. B. Posterior view. C. Anterior view. D. Ventral (-anterior) view. al = anterior telomeral lamella, als = spine on al, cu = cucullus, mf = metaplical flange, mp = mesal metaplical process, ms = metaplical shelf, mss = metaplical shelf-spine, pl = posterior telomeral lamella, ps = proximal spine on solenomere, sts = spine on telomeral main stem. Scales 0.1 mm.