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44 results for “Stars: Formation”
LkH-alpha 101 Star Formation Region Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog
This table contains some of the results from a multi-wavelength study of a partially embedded region of star formation centered on the Herbig Be star LkH-alpha 101. Using two 40 ks Chandra observations, The authors have detected 213 X-ray sources in the ~ 17' x 17' ACIS-I field. They combine the X-ray data with Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) near-IR observations and Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) IRAC and MIPS 24-micron observations to obtain a complete picture of the cluster. A total of 158 of the X-ray sources have infrared counterparts. Of these, the authors find nine protostars, 48 Class II objects, five transition objects, and 72 Class III objects. From the Spitzer data, they identify an additional 10 protostars, 53 Class II objects, and four transition disk candidates which are not detected by Chandra. (These objects are not included in this HEASARC table which contains the multi-wavelength data for only the 213 detected X-ray sources). The authors obtained optical spectra of a sample of both X-ray-detected and non-X-ray-detected objects. Combining the X-ray, Spitzer, and spectral data, they obtain independent estimates of cluster distance and the total cluster size - excluding protostars. The authors obtain consistent distance estimates of 510 (+100,-40) pc and a total cluster size of 255 (+50,-25) stars. They find the Class II:III ratio is about 5:7 with some evidence that the Class III sources are spatially more dispersed. The cluster appears very young with three sites of active star formation and a median age of about 1 Myr. The field was observed by Chandra on 2005 March 6 starting at 17:16 UT for 40.2 ks of total time and 39.6 ks of the so-called good time (Chandra ObsID 5429). It was observed again on 2005 March 8 starting at 17:43 UT for essentially the same duration (Chandra ObsID 5428). The ACIS was used in the nominal imaging array (chips I0-I3) which provides a field of view of approximately 17' x 17'. The aimpoint was at RA, Dec = 04:30:14.4, +35:16:22.2 (J2000.0) with a roll angle of 281 degrees. In addition, the S2 and S3 chips were active; however, the analysis of these data is not presented here. For purposes of point-source detection, the data from the two observations were merged into a single event list following established CIAO procedures to create a merged event list. To identify point sources, photons with energies below 300 eV and above 8.0 keV were filtered out from this merged event list. This excluded energies which generally lack a stellar contribution. By filtering the data as described, contributions from hard, non-stellar sources such as X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are attenuated, as is noise. A monochromatic exposure map was generated in the standard way using an energy of 1.49 keV which is a reasonable match to the expected peak energy of the stellar sources and the Chandra mirror transmission. The CIAO tool WavDetect was then run on a series of flux-corrected images binned by 1, 2, and 4 pixels. The output source lists were combined and this resulted in the detection of 231 sources. The authors defined false detections as any sources with < 4 net counts or any sources more than 5' off-axis with < 7 net counts. By this definition, 18 of the 231 detections were rejected as false detections. A post facto check confirmed that none of these (spurious) sources had an infrared counterpart. This table was created by the HEASARC in July 2010 based on the versions of Tables 1, 2, 3, 7 and 9 from the paper which were obtained from the electronic ApJ web site. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
Star Formation in Nearby Clouds (SFiNCs) Probable Cluster Members Catalog
The Star Formation in Nearby Clouds (SFiNCs) project is aimed at providing a detailed study of the young stellar populations and of star cluster formation in the nearby 22 star-forming regions (SFRs) for comparison with the authors' earlier MYStIX survey of richer, more distant clusters. As a foundation for the SFiNCs science studies, in the reference paper homogeneous data analyses of the Chandra X-ray and Spitzer mid-infrared (MIR) archival SFiNCs data are described, and the resulting catalogs of over 15,300 X-ray and over 1,630,000 mid-infrared point sources are presented. On the basis of their X-ray/infrared properties and spatial distributions, nearly 8500 point sources have been identified as probable young stellar members of the SFiNCs regions. Compared to the existing X-ray/mid-infrared publications, the SFiNCs member list increases the census of YSO members by 6%-200% for individual SFRs and by 40% for the merged sample of all 22 SFiNCs SFRs. Sixty-five X-ray observations of the 22 SFiNCs SFRs made with the imaging array on the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) were extracted from the Chandra archive (spanning from 2000 January to 2015 April). See Tables 1 and 2 of the reference paper for the list of SFRs and the log of Chandra ACIS observations, respectively. The final Chandra-ACIS catalog for the 22 SFiNCs SFRs comprises 15,364 X-ray sources (presented in Tables 3 and 4 and section 3.2 of the reference paper, and available as the HEASARC table, SFINCSXRAY). To obtain MIR photometry for X-ray objects and to identify and measure MIR photometry for additional non-Chandra disky stars that were missed in previous studies of the SFiNCs regions (typically faint YSOs), the authors have reduced the archived Spitzer-IRAC data by homogeneously applying the MYStIX-based Spitzer-IRAC data reduction methods of Kuhn et al. (2013, ApJS, 209, 29) to the 423 Astronomical Object Request (AORs) data sets for the 22 SFiNCs SFRs (listed in Table 5 of the reference paper). As in MYStIX, the SFiNCs IRAC source catalog retains all point sources with the photometric signal-to-noise ratio > 5 in both [3.6] and [4.5] um channels. This catalog covers the 22 SFiNCs SFRs and their vicinities on the sky and comprises 1,638,654 IRAC sources with available photometric measurements for 100%, 100%, 29%, and 23% of these sources in the 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0um bands, respectively (see table 6 and section 3.4 of the reference paper). Source position cross-correlations between the SFiNCs Chandra X-ray source catalog and an IR catalog, either the "cut-out" IRAC or 2MASS, were made using the steps described in section 3.5 of the reference paper. Using the ensemble of X-ray and infrared data that they have obtained, the authors selected probable YSOs in the 22 SFRs using selection criteria described in section 4.1 of the reference paper. Tables 7 and 8 of the reference paper provide the list of 8,492 SFiNCs probable cluster members (SPCMs: but see below for a caveat on this number) and their main IR and X-ray properties (see section 4 of the reference paper). This present HEASARC table comprises the contents of these two tables. A fuller list of the X-ray properties of the X-ray-detected SPCMs is available in the HEASARC's SFINCSXRAY table (q.v.). This table was created by the HEASARC in September 2017 based on the <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/ApJS/229/28">CDS Catalog J/ApJS/229/28</a> files table7.dat (the IR photometry of the SFiNCs probable cluster members) and table8.dat (the main X-ray and other properties of the SFiNCs probable cluster members). This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
Star Formation in Nearby Clouds (SFiNCs) X-Ray Source Catalog
The Star Formation in Nearby Clouds (SFiNCs) project is aimed at providing a detailed study of the young stellar populations and of star cluster formation in the nearby 22 star-forming regions (SFRs) for comparison with our earlier MYStIX survey of richer, more distant clusters. As a foundation for the SFiNCs science studies, in the reference paper homogeneous data analyses of the Chandra X-ray and Spitzer mid-infrared archival SFiNCs data are described, and the resulting catalogs of over 15,300 X-ray and over 1,630,000 mid-infrared point sources are presented. On the basis of their X-ray/infrared properties and spatial distributions, nearly 8500 point sources have been identified as probable young stellar members of the SFiNCs regions. Compared to the existing X-ray/mid-infrared publications, the SFiNCs member list increases the census of YSO members by 6%-200% for individual SFRs and by 40% for the merged sample of all 22 SFiNCs SFRs. Sixty-five X-ray observations of the 22 SFiNCs SFRs made with the imaging array on the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) were extracted from the Chandra archive (spanning from 2000 January to 2015 April). See Tables 1 and 2 of the reference paper for the list of SFRs and the log of Chandra ACIS observations, respectively. The final Chandra-ACIS catalog for the 22 SFiNCs SFRs comprises 15,364 X-ray sources (presented in Tables 3 and 4 and section 3.2 of the reference paper, and the contents of this HEASARC table, SFINCSXRAY). To obtain MIR photometry for X-ray objects and to identify and measure MIR photometry for additional non-Chandra disky stars that were missed in previous studies of the SFiNCs regions (typically faint YSOs), the authors have reduced the archived Spitzer-IRAC data by homogeneously applying the MYStIX-based Spitzer-IRAC data reduction methods of Kuhn et al. (2013, ApJS, 209, 29) to the 423 Astronomical Object Request (AORs) data sets for the 22 SFiNCs SFRs (Table 5 of the reference paper). As in MYStIX, the SFiNCs IRAC source catalog retains all point sources with the photometric signal-to-noise ratio > 5 in both [3.6] and [4.5] um channels. This catalog covers the 22 SFiNCs SFRs and their vicinities on the sky and comprises 1,638,654 IRAC sources with available photometric measurements for 100%, 100%, 29%, and 23% of these sources in the 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0um bands, respectively (see table 6 and section 3.4 of the reference paper). Source position cross-correlations between the SFiNCs Chandra X-ray source catalog and an IR catalog, either the "cut-out" IRAC or 2MASS, were made using the steps described in section 3.5 of the reference paper. Tables 7 and 8 of the reference paper provide the list of 8,492 SFiNCs probable cluster members (SPCMs) and their main IR and X-ray properties (see section 4 of the reference paper): this list as available at the HEASARC as the SFINCSPCM table (q.v.). This table was created by the HEASARC in September 2017 based on the <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/ApJS/229/28">CDS Catalog J/ApJS/229/28</a> files table3.dat (the list of SFiNCs X-ray sources and their basic properties) and table4.dat (the list of SFiNCs X-ray source fluxes). This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
RCW 108 Star Formation Region Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog
This table contains some of the results of an approximately 90 ks Chandra observation of a complex region that hosts multiple sites of recent and active star formation in ARA OB1a. The field is centered on the embedded cluster RCW 108-IR and includes a large portion of the open cluster NGC 6193. The authors detected over 420 X-ray sources in the field and combined these data with deep near-IR, Spitzer/IRAC and Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) mid-IR data. They find that about 360 of the X-ray sources have near-IR counterparts. They divide the region into five parts based on the X-ray point source characteristics and extended 8 micron emission. The most clearly defined regions are the central region, identified by embedded sources with high luminosities in the both the near-IR and X-ray as well as high X-ray temperatures (~3 keV), and the eastern region, identified by low extinction and ~1 keV X-ray temperatures. Other regions, identified by their directional relationship to RCW 108-IR, are less uniform, representing combinations of the first two regions, independent star formation epochs, or both. The cluster members range in X-ray luminosity from 10<sup>29</sup> to 10<sup>33</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>. Over 18% of the cluster members with over 100 counts exhibit flares. All sources with over 350 counts are variable. Overall about 10% (16% in RCW 108-IR) appear to have optically thick disks as derived from their position in the (J - H), (H - K) diagram. The disk fraction becomes much higher when IRAC data are employed. The largest fraction of X-ray sources is best described as possessing some disk material via a more detailed extinction fitting. The authors fit the bulk of the X-ray spectra as absorbed Raymond-Smith-type plasmas, and find that the column to the RCW 108-IR members varies from 10<sup>21</sup> to 10<sup>23</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>. They find that the field contains 41 candidate O or B stars, and estimate that the total number of pre-main-sequence stars in the field is about 1600 +/- 200. Approximately 800 are confined to the 3' (~1.1 pc) central region. The field was observed by Chandra on 2004 October 25 starting at 02:37 UT for 92.2 ks of total time and 88.8 ks of so-called "good-time" (ObsId 4503). The ACIS was used in the nominal imaging array (chips I0-I3) which provides a field of view of approximately 17' by 17' (~6.5 pc on a side). The aimpoint was at RA, Dec = 16:39:58.7, -48:51:54.4 (J2000.0). In addition, the S2 and S3 chips were on and located over IRAS 16379-4856. About 20 point sources were detected associated with this object; however, the analysis of these data is not presented here because they are far off-axis. This table was created by the HEASARC in June 2008 based on electronic versions of Tables 1, 2, 5, 7, 10 and 11 from the reference paper which were obtained from the Astronomical Journal web site. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
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