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FIG. 4 in A Lentic Breeder in Lotic Waters: Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) Habitat Suitability in Northern Sierra Nevada Streams

FIG. 4. Distribution of use and available microhabitat points within each substrate category for locations of (A) adult (includes subadults) and (B) tadpoles of R. sierrae at each study site. To better visualize the number of points within each substrate category, violin boxplots were overlaid onto jittered points for each substrate category. The overlay shows a mirrored kernel density estimation for all substrate size categories to illustrate the distribution of the data. IND ¼ Independence Creek, LRC ¼ Lone Rock Creek, SFRC ¼ South Fork Rock Creek, SFT ¼ South Fork Tributary, SFTT ¼ South Fork Tadpole Tributary.

FIG. 3 in A Lentic Breeder in Lotic Waters: Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) Habitat Suitability in Northern Sierra Nevada Streams

FIG. 3. Hydraulic variables measured for locations and available microhabitat points of (A) adult and (B) tadpoles of R. sierrae in five study sites in the Sierra Nevada. Figures show the relationship between total depth and mid-column velocity at both use and available locations for (A) adults (includes subadults) and (B) tadpoles at each study site. IND ¼ Independence Creek, LRC ¼ Lone Rock Creek, SFRC ¼ South Fork Rock Creek, SFT ¼ South Fork Tributary, SFTT ¼ South Fork Tadpole Tributary.

FIG. 2 in A Lentic Breeder in Lotic Waters: Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) Habitat Suitability in Northern Sierra Nevada Streams

FIG. 2. Hydrographs of stream stage (depth) at three of five study sites in the northern Sierra Nevada over the course of the study. (A) South Fork Rock Creek (SFRC) and (B) Lone Rock Creek (LRC) hydrographs show a strong seasonal signal of winter storm events and spring snowmelt recession into low flow in summer, while (C) Independence Creek (IND) shows modified flow releases in spring and augmented flow releases in late summer from the upstream reservoir. Data were collected with pressure transducers placed in pools that remained wet over the summer.

FIG. 5 in A Lentic Breeder in Lotic Waters: Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) Habitat Suitability in Northern Sierra Nevada Streams

FIG. 5. Distribution of use and available points within each total cover decile for locations and available microhabitat points of (A) adult (includes subadults) and (B) tadpoles of R. sierrae at each study site. To better visualize the number of points within each decile, points are jittered. Overlay shows a mirrored kernel density estimate for total cover deciles to illustrate the distribution of the data. IND ¼ Independence Creek, LRC ¼ Lone Rock Creek, SFRC ¼ South Fork Rock Creek, SFT ¼ South Fork Tributary, SFTT ¼ South Fork Tadpole Tributary.

FIG. 6 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 6. Egg mass attachment substrates used by Rana sierrae by habitat type in five streams in the northern and central Sierra Nevada, surveyed in 2003. Numbers are percents of each habitat type.

FIG. 7 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 7. Microhabitat at egg masses and habitat at egg mass locations in five streams with Rana sierrae in the northern and central Sierra Nevada, surveyed in 2003. Diamonds are averages and horizontal lines in middle of boxplot are medians. Supplemental Table 1 provides these data in tabular format (see Data Accessibility).

FIG. 3 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 3. Comparison of habitat types used relative to available by marked adults of Rana sierrae, 2009–2011. Available is the average of percentages of stream length measured in 2009 and 2011. Frog usage is the percent of all captures. Differences in habitat usage were significant at Independence Creek, South Fork Rock Creek, and Lone Rock Creek (chi-squared test, alpha, 0.05).

FIG. 8 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 8. Frequency and distances radio-tracked Rana sierrae moved between subsequent recaptures in 2003. Total distance moved at Deadwood Creek was 1248 m. Diamonds are averages and horizontal lines in middle of boxplot are medians. Supplemental Table 4 provides these data in tabular format (see Data Accessibility).

FIG. 2 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 2. Summary of reach-wide available habitat based on inventories for each survey stream of Rana sierrae, 2009–2011. Diamonds are averages and horizontal lines in center of boxplots are medians. Dessication ¼ 1-wetted width/bankfull width. On South Fork Rock Creek, because channel conditions were primarily dry during the time that the habitat inventory was completed, assessment of pool tail crest depths and percent pool tail fines was not possible. Supplemental Table 2 provides these data in tabular format (see Data Accessibility).

FIG. 5 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 5. Location, stream, cover, and shade habitat attributes for locations where marked adult Rana sierrae were found for each stream reach, 2009–2011. Diamonds are averages and horizontal lines in center of boxplots are medians. Supplemental Table 3 provides these data in tabular format (see Data Accessibility).

FIG. 4 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 4. Number of pools and percent of all habitat types that were pools available to Rana sierrae for each survey stream, 2009–2011.

FIG. 1 in Demography, Habitat, and Movements of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in Streams

FIG. 1. Locations of sites of Rana sierrae surveyed in 2003 and 2009– 2011. The shaded area shows the range of Rana sierrae. Squares are 2003 survey streams and circles are 2009–2011 survey streams. County lines are shown for reference.

FIGURE 5 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis

FIGURE 5. The floor of mouth of Amietia ruwenzorica stage 35 (SL 437). Abbreviations: BFA = buccal floor arena (encircled by the dashed line), LJ = lower jaw, OP = pustulations in the oral orifice, TA = tongue anlage, LP = lingual papilla, IP = infralabial papillae, BFAP = buccal floor arena papillae or pustulations (smaller than the height twice the diameter of the base), BP = buccal pocket, VV = ventral velum, VVP = velar papilla, FP = filter plate, G = glottis (terminology according to Wassersug 1976, 1980, Viertel 1982).

FIGURE 1. Preserved Amietia ruwenzorica stage 28 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis

FIGURE 1. Preserved Amietia ruwenzorica stage 28 (SL 437): (a) lateral view with sinistral spiracular tube (S); (b) ventral view demonstrating the ventral position of oral disc (OD); (c) dorsal view showing sinistral spiracular tube; (d) extension of oral disc; (e) dextral anal tube or vent tube (AT). Scale bar equals 2 mm in (a)–(d) and 1 mm in (e).

FIGURE 4 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis

FIGURE 4. The roof of mouth of Amietia ruwenzorica stage 35 (SL 437): (a) complete view; (b) connection of dorsal velum and ciliary cushions; (c) median ridge with the anterior papillae; (d) and (e) median ridge with the anterior papillae, the number postnarial papillae and the number and arrangement of lateral ridge papillae. Abbreviations: PRNA = prenarial arena (encircled by the dashed line), PONA = postnarial arena (encircled by the dashed line), BRA = buccal roof arena (encircled by the dashed line), PAP = prenarial arena pustulations, UJ = upper jaw, POP = postnarial papillae, PRP = prenarial papillae or pustulations, CH = choanae or internal nares, NVP = narial valve projection, LRP = lateral ridge papillae, MR = median ridge, BRAP = buccal roof arena papillae or pustulations (smaller than the height twice the diameter of the base), VP = prevelar papillae or pustulations, GZ = glandular zone, DV = dorsal velum (terminology according to Wassersug 1976, 1980, Viertel 1982).

FIGURE 3 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis

FIGURE 3. The cusped labial teeth of Amietia ruwenzorica (SL 437): (a) uniserial position of the teeth on the tooth row; (b) lateral view of a tooth, stage 38; (c) view from the oral opening, stage 38. C = cusp (terminology according to Altig & McDiarmid 1999b).

FIGURE 2 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis

FIGURE 2. Oral disc (OD) with labial tooth rows in preserved Amietia ruwenzorica specimens: (a) stage 28 larva (SL 437, same individual as in Fig. 1, OD width 6.48 mm), unchanged morphology; (b) stage 36 (SL 437, scale bar equals 3 mm) and (c) stage 31 larva (SL 437, scale bar equals 1 mm) with abnormally keratinized parts of upper and lower jaw sheaths (arrows) and tooth rows (rectangles); (d) stage 28 larva (SL 437, scale bar equals 2 mm) with missing tooth rows. Abbreviations: G = gap of divided (div) tooth rows, A-1 to A-10 = first to tenth tooth row of the anterior (upper) labium, P-1 to P-10 = first to tenth tooth row of the posterior (lower) labium, LJ = lower jaw sheath, UJ = upper jaw sheath, MP = marginal papillae, SM = submarginal papillae (terminology according to Altig & McDiarmid 1999b).

FIGURE 7 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis

FIGURE 7. Chytridiomycosis in Amietia ruwenzorica. (a) discharge tube of a Bd sporangium protruding through the epidemis of stage 31 (SL 437), same specimen as in Figure 2c; (b) discharge tube of a Bd sporangium in the sloughing epidermis, stage 28 (SL 448); (c) labial teeth anlage (LT) covered by Bd sporangia, stage 36 (SL 437), same individual as in Figure 2b; (d) immature solid Bd sporangium (I) in the deeper epidermis; (e) mature sporangium (M) and an open empty stage (D); (f) empty Bd sporangium with septum (S); (d–f) stage 28 (SL 437), same specimen as in Figure 2d, (c–f). Light-microscopical hematoxilin and eosin stained sections (terminology according to Longcore & Pessier 1999, Berger et al. 2005).

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FIGURE 11 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 11. Female and Male SVL (Mean±Sd, in mm) and clutch size (Mean±Sd) in three allopatric (N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog) and three sympatric (N. jog, N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov.) species of Nyctibatrachus.