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FIGURE 3 in Fish biomarker responses to perturbation by drought in streams

FIGURE 3 | MDA and enzymatic activity in the liver of Astyanax elachylepis from intermittent and perennial streams during dry and rainy seasons. Different capital letters indicate a significant difference (Tukey post-hoc test at p <0.05) between seasons for a given stream, and different lower-case letters indicate a significant difference between intermittent and perennial streams within a given season. Differences are shown only between levels of the factors that had significant effect according to two-way ANOVA.

FIGURE 1 in Physical habitat as predictor of fish trophic structure in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest streams

FIGURE 1 | Sampling sites located in the Paranapanema river basin, São Paulo state, Brazil. The Paranapanema river is highlighted in blue.

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FIGURE 4 in Short-term response of fish assemblages to instream habitat restoration in heavily impacted streams

FIGURE 4 | Changes in environmental parameters (mean ± sd) depth, flow and structural diversity in pre and post-restoration conditions. C= Control treatment, W= Wood treatment, WL= Wood/leaf treatment, *= p-values <0,05.

FIGURE 4 in Fish biomarker responses to perturbation by drought in streams

FIGURE 4 | Two-dimensional Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination showing biomarker responses of fish from intermittent and perennial streams in the dry (D) and rainy (R) seasons. The stress value of 0.12 indicates a good representation of the original data (Clarke, Warwick, 2001).

FIGURE 1 in Fish biomarker responses to perturbation by drought in streams

FIGURE 1 | Location of the Intermittent (yellow circle) and Perennial (blue circle) stream in the Montividiu drainage in the Brazilian Cerrado (yellow in the smaller map).

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FIGURE 1 in Short-term response of fish assemblages to instream habitat restoration in heavily impacted streams

FIGURE 1 | Map of the study area, highlighting the state of São Paulo and the location of the streams within the watersheds: Tietê River (streams P1, P2, P6 and P7), São José dos Dourados River (P3 and P4), and Turvo River (P5 and P8).

Fig. 4. Composite phylogenetic hypothesis for 33 in Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

Fig. 4. Composite phylogenetic hypothesis for 33 stream fish species based on six different studies. Solid circles indicate six taxonomic groups that were significant in the canonical phylogenetic ordination (CPO); they are numerically labeled as follows: 1, Siluriformes/Characiformes; 2, Loricariidae; 3, Farlowella/Rineloricaria; 4, Characidae; 5, Hypostominae; 6, Pimelodella/Rhamdia.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

Fig. 3. Projection of the first three PCA axes based on 14 ecomorphological attributes for the following fish species from the upper São Francisco River, Brazil: Apaibi, Apareiodon ibitiensis; Astriv, Astyanax rivularis; Cetihe, Cetopsorhamdia iheringi; Chafas, Characidium fasciatum; Crevar, Creagrutus aff. varii; Harnov, Harttia cf. novalimensis; Micsp, Microlepidogaster sp.; Neofra, Neoplecostomus franciscoensis; Piaarg, Piabina argentea; Tribra, Trichomycterus brasiliensis; Trirei, Trichomycterus reinhardti and Trivar, Trichomycterus variegatus. The figures in black indicate the most representative ecomorphotypes.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

Fig. 2. Projection of the first two PCA axes based on 14 ecomorphological attributes for the following fish species from the upper Paraguai River, Brazil: Ancsp, Ancistrus sp.; Astasu, Astyanax asuncionensis; Astlin, A. lineatus; Astsp, Astyanax sp.; Chafas, Characidium fasciatum; Chazeb, C. zebra; Cremer, Creagrutus meridionalis; Farpar, Farlowella paraguayensis; Hyplue, Hyphessobrycon luetkenii; Hypbou, Hypostomus boulengeri; Hypcoc, Hypostomus cochliodon; Hypsp, Hypostomus sp.; Jupaca, Jupiaba acanthogaster; Moebon, Moenkhausia bonita; Moesan, M. sanctaefilomenae; Odopeq, Odontostilbe pequira; Parnas, Parodon nasus; Piator, Piabarchus torrenticola; Pimgra, Pimelodella gracilis; Rhaque, Rhamdia quelen; Rinlan, Rineloricaria lanceolata; and Sercal, Serrapinnus calliurus. The figures in black indicate the most representative ecomorphotypes.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

Fig. 1. Study area with the sampling sites at the upper Paraguai and upper São Francisco River basins. BOD: Serra da Bodoquena National Park; CAN: Serra da Canastra National Park; MG: Minas Gerais State; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul State; PG 1-6: sampling locations in the upper Paraguai River basin; SF 1-6: sampling locations in the upper São Francisco River basin.

Fig. 2 in Diet and ecomorphological relationships of an endemic, species-poor fish assemblage in a stream in the Iguaçu National Park

Fig. 2. Ordenation of the fish fauna in Jumelo stream, Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil, produced by the first two axes of the principal components analysis (PCA 1 and PCA 2) applied to the correlation of 15 ecomorphological indices and the mouth orientations of the fish species.

Fig. 1 in Diet and ecomorphological relationships of an endemic, species-poor fish assemblage in a stream in the Iguaçu National Park

Fig. 1. Study area. Collection point in stream Jumelo, region of the Iguaçu National Park in the Brazilian state of Paraná and Gonçalves Dias River in the Iguaçu River Basin, Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná.

Fig. 1 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 1. Map of the study area, showing: the state of São Paulo (A); and the rio São José dos Dourados basin (B), where the forested streams (black circles), which were located in the largest forest fragments of the river basin (grey areas), and the deforested streams (grey circles) were located (C).

Fig. 3 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 3. Identification of the functional groups defined by partitions #30 and #33, with their respective trends of change in species abundance as a function of deforestation. The dominant traits of the functional groups that were important for stream differentiation according to the DPCoA (Fig. 4) are also shown. Species names are abbreviated according to Table 2.

Fig. 2 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 2. Dendrogram of the functional similarities of the 35 fish species included in the analyses. Mean species abundances within the forested (F1-F3) and deforested (D1-D3) streams are represented by the sizes of the black squares. Species names are abbreviated according to Table 2.

Fig. 4 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 4. Double Principal Coordinate Analysis (DPCoA) biplot ordination, describing the functional differences between forested (F1-F3) and deforested (D1-D3) streams. Black circles indicate each species, and their relative positions reflect their functional dissimilarities. Species are linked according to the functional groups originating from partitions #33 (a) and #30 (b). Species identities and their functional traits are shown in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 1 in Fish complementarity is associated to forests in Amazonian streams

Fig. 1. Sampled sites along the rio Machado basin and the three main types of soil coverage (left). Hydrography of the rio Machado basin and flow direction of the rio Machado (right).

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Fig. 5 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Average habitat suitability index –HSI– in the upper and lower reach of the riacho São Pedro, for the three fish species.

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Fig. 6 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 6. Weighted usable area (WUA) in the upper and lower reach of the riacho São Pedro, for the three fish species.