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152 results for “Subarctic”
Root traits along a subarctic tundra elevational gradient
<p>While root trait research has received increasing attention over the past two decades, the relationship between root traits and environmental factors remains elusive. At the same time, knowledge about these relationships is necessary if we are to understand plant community responses to environmental change. Here, we assessed the relationships between elevation (i.e., temperature) and fine root traits of plant species and communities. We focused on the sub-arctic tundra where plant communities are expected to experience extreme environmental change by the end of the century.</p>
Subarctic afforestation: effects of forest plantations on ground-nesting birds in lowland Iceland
<p>Planting forests is a commonly suggested measure to mitigate climate change. The resulting changes in habitat structure can greatly influence the diversity and abundance of pre-existing wildlife. Understanding these consequences is key for avoiding unintended impacts of afforestation on habitats and populations of conservation concern. Afforestation in lowland Iceland has been gaining momentum in recent years and further increases are planned. Iceland supports internationally important breeding populations of several ground-nesting, migratory bird species that mostly breed in open habitats. If afforestation impacts the distribution and abundance of these species, the consequences may be apparent throughout their non-breeding ranges across Europe and Africa. To quantify the effects of plantation forests on the abundance and distribution of ground-nesting birds (in particular waders, Charadriiformes), surveys were conducted on 161 transects (surrounding 118 plantations) perpendicular to forest edges throughout Iceland. The resulting variation in density with distance from plantation was used to estimate the likely changes in bird numbers resulting from future afforestation plans, and to explore the potential effects of different planting configuration (size and number of forest patches) scenarios. Of seven wader species, densities of five (golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), dunlin (Calidris alpina) and black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa)) in the 200 m surrounding plantations were just over half of those further away (up to 700 m). Redshank (Tringa totanus) densities were lowest <150 m from the plantation edge while snipe (Gallinago gallinago) densities were 50% higher close to plantations (0-50 m) than further away (51-700 m), and no consistent effects of plantation height, diameter, density or type were identified. Plantations are typically small and widespread, and simulated scenarios indicated that total declines in bird abundance resulting from planting trees in one large block (1000 ha) could result in only ~11% of the declines predicted from planting multiple small blocks (1 ha) in similar habitats. Synthesis and application: The severe impact that planting forests in open landscapes can have on populations of ground-nesting birds emphasises the need for strategic planning of tree-planting schemes. Given Iceland's statutory commitments to species protection and the huge contribution of Iceland to global migratory bird flyways, these are challenges that must be addressed quickly, before population-level impacts are observed across migratory ranges.</p>
Global dissemination of Influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones
<p><span>Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges along the perimeter of the circumpolar arctic. </span>Arctic and subarctic zones are hypothesized to serve as ecologic drivers of the intercontinental movement and reassortment of IAVs <span>due to high densities of disparate populations of long distance migratory and native bird species present during breeding season</span>s. <span>Iceland</span> is a staging ground that connects <span>the East Atlantic and </span><span>North Atlantic</span><span> American flyways, providing a unique study system for characterizing viral flow between eastern and western hemispheres. Using Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, we sought to evaluate the </span><span>viral connectivity of Iceland to proximal regions and how inter-species transmission and reassortment dynamics in this region influence the geographic spread of low and highly pathogenic IAVs. </span><span>Findings demonstrate that IAV movement in the arctic and subarctic follows seabird migration around the perimeter of the circumpolar north, favoring short-distance flights between proximal regions rather than long distance flights over the polar interior. Iceland connects virus movement between mainland Europe and North America, particularly due to the westward migration of wild birds from mainland Europe to Northeastern Canada and Greenland. Though virus diffusion rates were similar among avian taxonomic groups in Iceland, g</span>ulls act as recipients and not sources of IAVs to other avian hosts prior to onward migration. <span>These data identify patterns of virus movement in northern latitudes and inform future surveillance strategies related to seasonal and emergent IAVs with pandemic potential</span>.</p>
Data from: Environmental change alters nitrogen fixation rates and microbial parameters in a subarctic biological crust
<p>Together, Biological Soil Crust (BSC) and other cryptogamic groundcovers can contribute up to half of the global nitrogen (N) fixation. BSC also stabilizes the soil (reducing erosion and dust emissions), fixes carbon (C), retains moisture, and acts as a hotspot of microbial diversity and activity. Much of the knowledge about how climate change is affecting the composition and functioning of BSC comes from hot arid and semiarid regions. The comparatively smaller body of research on BSC from cold and mesic environments has been primarily observational, for example along chronosequences after a glacier retreat. Few studies have experimentally investigated the effects of the environment on BSC from high latitudes. Such experiments allow unraveling of relationships at a resolution that can only be achieved by controlling for confounding factors. We measured short-term (2-4 days) responses of a liverwort-based (Anthelia juratzkana) BSC from the south of Iceland to a range of temperature, moisture and light conditions. Warming increased N fixation rates, especially when moisture was at a saturation level, and only when light was not limiting. A correlation analysis suggests that increases in N fixation rates were linked to cyanobacterial abundance on the BSC surface and to the rates of their metabolic activity. Warming and moisture changes also induced compositional and structural modification of the bacterial community, with consequences at the functional level. In contrast to many observations on BSC from hot drylands, the BSC from our cold and mesic study site is more limited by low temperature and light than by moisture. Our findings show possible ways in which BSC from cold and mesic ecosystems can respond to short-term manifestations of climate change, such as increasingly frequent heat waves.</p>
Data from: Integrating demographic niches and black spruce range expansion at subarctic treelines
<p>When investigating relationships between species' niches and distributions, niches can be divided demographically, resulting in unique niches for different life stages. This approach can identify changing substrate requirements throughout a species' life cycle. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling, we quantified microsite conditions associated with successful recruitment in the tundra landscape and successful seed production amongst adult trees of black spruce (<em>Picea mariana</em>) at subarctic treeline in Yukon, Canada to assess how life stage-specific requirements may impact the distribution of this widespread boreal tree species. Treeline ecotones in this region showed high heterogeneity in tundra microsites available for establishment. Black spruce exhibited changing microsite associations from germination to reproductive maturity, which were mainly driven by changes in plant community and soil moisture. These associations limit the microsites where individuals can establish and reproduce to a subset available within the heterogeneous landscape. Overall, we suggest that (1) substrates suitable for early recruitment are limited at the range edge; and (2) reproductive adults have a narrow niche, limiting successful seed production in adults and forming sink populations where suitable conditions are limited. Our multivariate assessment of microsite suitability can provide valuable insights into the spatial distribution of a species throughout its life cycle and identify life stage-specific constraints to range expansion.</p>
Limited recovery following a massive seagrass decline in subarctic eastern Canada
<p><span>Over the last few decades, there has been increasing recognition of seagrasses' contribution to the functioning of nearshore ecosystems and climate change mitigation. </span><span>Nevertheless, </span><span>seagrass ecosystems have been deteriorating globally at an accelerating rate during recent decades. In 2017, research into the condition of eelgrass (</span><em><span>Zostera marina</span></em><span>) along the eastern coast of James Bay, Canada</span><span>, was initiated in response to reports of eelgrass decline by the Cree First Nations of Eeyou Istchee. As part of this research, we compiled and analyzed two decades of eelgrass cover data and three decades of eelgrass monitoring data (biomass and density) to detect changes and assess possible</span><span> environmental drivers</span><span>. We detected a major decline in eelgrass conditions between 1995 and 1999, which encompassed the entire east coast of James Bay. Surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020 indicated limited changes post-decline, e.g., low eelgrass cover (<25%), low aboveground biomass, smaller shoots than before 1995, and marginally low densities persisted at most sites. Overall, the synthesized datasets show a 40 % loss of eelgrass meadows with > 50% cover in eastern James Bay since 1995, representing the largest scale eelgrass decline documented in eastern Canada since the massive die-off event that occurred in the 1930s along the North Atlantic coast. Using biomass data collected since 1982, but geographically limited to the sector of the coast near the regulated La Grande River, generalized additive modeling revealed eelgrass meadows are affected by local sea surface temperature, early ice breakup, and higher summer freshwater discharge. Our results caution against assuming subarctic </span><span>seagrass ecosystems</span><span> have avoided recent global declines or will benefit from ongoing climate warming.</span></p>
Deforestation for agriculture increases microbial carbon use efficiency in subarctic soils
<p>This repository contains all necessary raw data as well as the R code used to conduct statistical analysis and create figures of the publication</p><p> </p><p><strong>Deforestation for agriculture increases microbial carbon use efficiency in subarctic soils</strong></p><p>Julia Schroeder1, Tino Peplau1, Frank Pennekamp2, Edward Gregorich3, Christoph C. Tebbe4, Christopher Poeplau1</p><p>1 Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 68, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany</p><p>2 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland</p><p>3 Research and Development Centre, Central Experimental Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada</p><p>4 Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany</p><p>DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01669-2 </p><p>This study investigated how and through which pathways deforestation and conversion to agricultural land (i.e. grassland, cropland) alters the microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) in subarctic soils to allow the development of mitigation strategies to alleviate C losses. We assessed CUE using 18O-labelled water in a paired-plot approach on soils collected from 19 farms across the subarctic region of Yukon, Canada, comprising 14 pairs of forest-to-grassland conversion and 15 pairs of forest-to-cropland conversion. Microbial CUE significantly increased following conversion to grassland and cropland. Land-use conversion resulted in a lower estimated abundance of fungi, while the archaeal abundance increased, as assessed by qPCR. Interestingly, structural equation modelling revealed that increases in CUE were mediated by a rise in soil pH and a decrease in soil C:N ratio rather than by shifts in microbial community composition, i.e. the ratio of fungi, bacteria and archaea. Our findings indicate a direct control of abiotic factors on microbial CUE via improved nutrient availability and facilitated conditions for microbial growth.</p><p>The R code was developed under R v3.6.3 and adapted to work under version R v.4.1.2.</p><p>The repository includes the following files:</p><ul><li>general_soil_parameters_per_site.csv - general soil data assessed on pooled reference forest plot (n=19)</li><li>general_soil_parameters_per_plot.csv - general soil data assessed on pooled replicated field samples (n=48)</li><li>sample_data.csv - data measured for each laboratory sample (n=147)</li></ul><p> </p><ul><li>Land-use change effects on 18O-CUE.Rproj - Rproject (load project to work on provided scripts and data)</li><li>load_data_script.R - loads required data</li><li>Multivariate_normality_script.R - tests for multivariate normaility in dataset</li><li>PCA_script.R - calculates PC1 and 2 of clay mineralogy data to reduce dimensions</li><li>map_Yukon_script.R - create Figure 1</li><li>plot_density_script.R - create Figure 2</li><li>linear_mixed-effects_models_script.R - calculates response ratios</li><li>plot_boxplots_script.R - plot boxplots per land use including compact letter display indicating significant differences, create Figure 3 + 4</li><li>correlogram_script.R - correlation analysis to identify drivers of CUE, create Figure 6</li><li>plot_correlations_script.R - plot drivers of CUE, create Figure 5 + 7</li><li>SEM_script.R - development of structural equation model, create Figure 8</li></ul>
Trees out-forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest
<p>Nitrogen (N), acquired by roots and mycorrhizal fungi and supplied to plant foliage, is a growth-limiting nutrient at the subarctic treeline. Due to this limitation, interspecific competition and acquisition of N is an important control on plant community composition and distribution. The ability of trees and shrubs to access N shapes community dynamics at this ecotone undergoing species range shifts and changes in primary productivity driven by climate change. Using <sup>15</sup>N soil labelling, we investigate the fate of soil inorganic N, and spatial distances over which trees and understorey shrubs access soil N, in a treeline forest. <sup>15</sup>N was injected into soil rooting zones, and foliar samples were collected from trees between 1 and 50 m away and understorey shrubs between 0.5 and 11 m away from labelled soil. The <sup>15</sup>N label was found in mountain birch trees up to 5 m and in understorey shrubs up to 2 m away from labelled soil. We estimate that 1.27% of pulse-derived N was found in foliage of birch trees, compared to 1.16% in the understorey. However, mountain birch trees contributed only 31% of ecosystem leaf area index (LAI), thus there was a disproportionate allocation of added label to the birch canopy compared with its contribution to ecosystem LAI. The difference in root and mycorrhizal exploration distances and community N partitioning between mountain birch trees and understorey shrubs may confer competitive advantage to trees, which may alter plant community structures within these forests. This is particularly important considering predicted climate-driven tree and tall shrub expansion in subarctic regions, with likely consequences for ecosystem N and carbon (C) cycling, as well as for community composition and biodiversity.</p>
Data from: Long-term grazing intensity by reindeer alters the response of the soil micro-food web to simulated climate change in subarctic tundra
<p><span>Top-down control by nematodes over soil microorganisms – considered stronger over bacteria than fungi - may dampen microbial responses to global changes in tundra. To test whether large grazers alter the responses of belowground trophic networks to global changes, we employed factorial warming and nitrogen fertilization treatments in adjacent sites with different reindeer grazing intensities for the past 50 years. Lightly grazed tundra is dominated by dwarf shrubs and a more fungal-based microbial community, while in heavily grazed tundra, high reindeer densities during autumn migration have induced shift into graminoids and more bacterial-based microbial community. We analysed the soil micro-food web, <em>i.e.</em>, the nematode density, trophic structure, and species composition as well as fungal, bacterial and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after four growing seasons of warming and fertilization both before and during reindeer migration. We predicted that bacterivore densities are higher and fungivore densities lower under heavy than light grazing (<em>i.e.</em>, nematode populations before migration reflect grazing effects via the base of food web), whereas reindeer migration induces negative impact on nematode densities under heavy grazing (<em>i.e</em>., disturbance by trampling is the driving factor). We further predicted that nematodes negate treatment effects on microbial biomass to a stronger extent in the bacterial-based heavily grazed than the fungal-based lightly grazed tundra. Fungivore densities were higher under light than heavy grazing, but nematodes did not respond to trampling. Warming increased fungivores and the fungal PLFAs irrespective of grazing and timing, but under heavy grazing, increased bacterivores while the bacterial PLFAs remained steady. Fertilization increased carnivores and influenced nematode species composition, diversity and maturity interactively with warming. Our data suggest that large grazers affect tundra soil nematodes via bottom-up effects through microbial community composition and biomass, which in turn may alter the strength of their top-down control soil bacteria under climate warming. </span></p>
Arctic warming drives striking 21st century ecosystem shifts in Great Slave Lake (Subarctic Canada), North America's deepest lake
<p>Great Slave Lake, one of the world's largest and North America's deepest lake, has undergone an aquatic ecosystem transformation in response to 21st-century accelerated Arctic warming that is unparalleled in at least the past two centuries. Algal remains from a series of high-resolution palaeolimnological records retrieved from the West Basin provide baseline limnological data that we compared to historical limnological and phycological surveys undertaken on Great Slave Lake between the 1940s and 1990s. We document the rapid restructuring of algal community composition ca. 2000 CE that is consistent with recent increases in regional air temperature, as well as declines in ice cover and wind speed, that would collectively alter habitats for aquatic biota (e.g. thermal regime, vertical mixing, turbidity, light and nutrients). This new limnological regime initiated the first observation of scaled chrysophytes and favoured the rapid proliferation of small planktonic cyclotelloid diatoms that replaced the long-established dominance of large filamentous <em>Aulacoseira islandica</em> in West Basin sedimentary assemblages. Such rapid transformations in the primary producers of this socio-ecologically valuable "northern Great Lake" may have widespread implications for the entire food web with unknown consequences for aquatic ecosystem functioning and fisheries, which many northern and Indigenous communities depend upon.</p>
Limited recovery following a massive seagrass decline in subarctic eastern Canada
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Data from: Integrating demographic niches and black spruce range expansion at subarctic treelines
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Trophic structure and mercury transfer in the subarctic fish community of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada
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Arctic warming drives striking 21st century ecosystem shifts in Great Slave Lake (Subarctic Canada), North America’s deepest lake
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Subarctic afforestation: effects of forest plantations on ground-nesting birds in lowland Iceland
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Data from: Frost damage measured by electrolyte leakage in subarctic bryophytes increases with climate warming
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Patterns and determinants of lichen abundance and diversity across a subarctic to arctic latitudinal gradient
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Root traits along a subarctic tundra elevational gradient
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Data from: Long-term grazing intensity by reindeer alters the response of the soil micro-food web to simulated climate change in subarctic tundra
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Data from: Increased duration of aquatic resource pulse alters community and ecosystem responses in a subarctic plant community
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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