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150 results for “TEMPO”
Data from: Tempo and mode of winter diapause evolution in butterflies
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Data from: Evolutionary tempo, supertaxa and living fossils
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Effects of rhythm and accent patterns on tempo-keeping property of finger tapping
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Tempo-spatial evolution of seed plant endemism in Taiwan island
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Tempo Data from Broadcast Performances of Giacomo Puccini's Turandot at the Metropolitan Opera, 1961 – 2009
<p>The works of well-known composers active as recording technology developed and as the recording industry emerged thus make ideal case studies. Giacomo Puccini is uniquely suited to a study of tradition through technological means: he has perhaps the best-documented relationship to advances in technology and the resulting shift in entertainment aesthetics of any composer of this era. Of his twelve operas, <i>Turandot</i> is the only major work whose premiere post-dates the advent of electronically captured and controlled sound recording, and thus position at the crossroads of technical practices and social aesthetics stemming from technological conditions in multimedia entertainment in the 1920s.</p> <p>Of the major opera houses in the world, New York's Metropolitan Opera has perhaps the most comprehensively documented performance history. The launch of "The Metropolitan Opera Archives" online with open access in 2005 made it the most accessible source of information for operatic performing history in any opera house in the world. By making this information publicly and readily available, the Met made significant strides in democratizing opera in a way similar to what recordings had done nearly a century earlier. With this new tool, fans now had the ability to deepen their learning and, because of this, their enjoyment of opera at the Met. Thus, by extending the social activity of learning about opera audiences to the digital (and therefore widely accessible) realm, the Met sought to thrust itself into the forefront of the operatic social sphere in addition to its broadcast offerings. Many recordings of these transmissions are available online through The Metropolitan Opera On Demand, while the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archive of Recorded Sound at the New York Public Library serves as the official repository for hard and digital copy recordings of the broadcasts.</p> <p>Within this opera, six moments are most appropriate for examination for both practical and dramaturgical reasons. Arias in Puccini's operas offer dramatic pauses for characters; they are moments of emotional exposition, or the result of reflecting on surrounding events. Both of these types of arias occur in <i>Turandot</i>. Liù's first aria, "Signore, ascolta!", exhibits both functions, as she reacts emotionally to Calaf's stated intent to answer <i>Turandot</i>'s riddles. Calaf's response, "Non piangere, Liù," gives him the opportunity to respond tenderly to Liù, and show concern for his father, Timur<i>, </i>by requesting she remain if the prince surrenders his life. Turandot's entrance aria (in Act II), "In questa reggia," recounts the reasons for her riddles and brutality – her desire for vengeance on behalf of her ancestress Lou-o-Ling. "Nessun dorma!" is Calaf's reflection on Turandot's commandment that no one in the realm shall sleep until she knows his name and shows his resolve in conquering the princess. Liù's suicide aria, "Tu che di gel sei cinta," reveals both her crumbling determination under the duress of torture and her desire for Calaf to win the hand of Turandot. In addition to these arias, one other moment of musical practicality and dramaturgical significance merit consideration for its performance traditions: the dramatic climax of acts II. In Act II's "Riddle scene," where Turandot poses each of her three riddles and Calaf successfully answers them, fermatas precede the statement of each riddle and Calaf's response to the first and third. The time performers devote to observing these fermatas in relationship to the surrounding musical fabric can indicate varying degrees of gravity, levity, or expediency as the opera's second dramatic conflict emerges from the resolution of its first.</p>
Data from: Tempo of trophic evolution and its impact on mammalian diversification
Mammals are characterized by the complex adaptations of their dentition, which are an indication that diet has played a critical role in their evolutionary history. Although much attention has focused on diet and the adaptations of specific taxa, the role of diet in large-scale diversification patterns remains unresolved. Contradictory hypotheses have been proposed, making prediction of the expected relationship difficult. We show that net diversification rate (the cumulative effect of speciation and extinction), differs significantly among living mammals, depending upon trophic strategy. Herbivores diversify fastest, carnivores are intermediate, and omnivores are slowest. The tempo of transitions between the trophic strategies is also highly biased: the fastest rates occur into omnivory from herbivory and carnivory and the lowest transition rates are between herbivory and carnivory. Extant herbivore and carnivore diversity arose primarily through diversification within lineages, whereas omnivore diversity evolved by transitions into the strategy. The ability to specialize and subdivide the trophic niche allowed herbivores and carnivores to evolve greater diversity than omnivores.
Data from: The tempo of trait divergence in geographic isolation: avian speciation across the Marañon valley of Peru
Geographic isolation is considered essential to most speciation events, but our understanding of what controls the pace and degree of phenotypic divergence among allopatric populations remains poor. Why do some taxa exhibit phenotypic differentiation across barriers to dispersal, whereas others do not? To test factors controlling phenotypic divergence in allopatry, we employed a comparative phylogeographic approach consisting of replicates of ecologically similar Andean bird species isolated across a major biogeographic barrier, the Marañon valley of Peru. Our study design leverages variation among co-distributed taxa in their degree of plumage, morphometric and vocal differentiation across the Marañon to examine the tempo of phenotypic evolution. We found that substantial plumage differences between populations required roughly two million years to evolve. In contrast, morphometric trait evolution showed greater idiosyncrasy and stasis. Our results demonstrate that despite a large degree of idiosyncrasy in the relationship between genetic and phenotypic divergence across taxa and environments, comparative studies within regions may reveal predictability in the pace of phenotypic divergence. Our results also suggest that social selection is important for driving differentiation of populations found in similar environments.
Data from: Early and Middle Triassic trends in diversity, evenness, and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in south China: Implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction
Delayed biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction has long been interpreted to result from environmental inhibition. Recently, evidence of more rapid recovery has begun to emerge, suggesting the role of environmental inhibition was previously overestimated. However, there have been few high-resolution taxonomic and ecological studies spanning the full Early and Middle Triassic recovery interval, leaving the precise pattern of recovery and underlying mechanisms poorly constrained. In this study, we document Early and Middle Triassic trends in taxonomic diversity, assemblage evenness, and size distribution of benthic foraminifers on an exceptionally-exposed carbonate platform in south China. We observe gradual increases in all metrics through Early Triassic and earliest Middle Triassic time, with stable values reached early in the Anisian. There is little support in our dataset for a substantial Early Triassic lag interval during the recovery of foraminifers or for a step-wise recovery pattern. The recovery pattern of foraminifers on the GBG corresponds well with available global data for this taxon and appears to parallel that of many benthic invertebrate clades. Early Triassic diversity increase in foraminifers was more gradual than in ammonoinds and conodonts. However, foraminifers continued to increase in diversity, size, and evenness into Middle Triassic time, whereas diversity of ammonoids and conodonts declined. These contrasts suggest decoupling of recovery between benthic and pelagic environments; it is unclear whether these discrepancies reflect inherent contrasts in their evolutionary dynamics or the differential impact of Early Triassic ocean anoxia or associated environmental parameters on benthic ecosystems.
Data from: Tempo and mode of performance evolution across multiple independent origins of adhesive toe pads in lizards
Understanding macroevolutionary dynamics of trait evolution is an important endeavor in evolutionary biology. Ecological opportunity can liberate a trait as it diversifies through trait space, while genetic and selective constraints can limit diversification. While many studies have examined the dynamics of morphological traits, diverse morphological traits may yield the same or similar performance and as performance is often more proximately the target of selection, examining only morphology may give an incomplete understanding of evolutionary dynamics. Here we ask whether convergent evolution of pad-bearing lizards have followed similar evolutionary dynamics, or whether independent origins are accompanied by unique constraints and selective pressures over macroevolutionary time. We hypothesized that geckos and anoles each have unique evolutionary tempos and modes. Using performance data from 59 species, we modified Brownian Motion (BM) and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) models to account for repeated origins estimated using Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions. We discovered that adhesive performance in geckos evolved in a fashion consistent with Brownian Motion with a trend, whereas anoles evolved in bounded performance space consistent with more constrained evolution (an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model). Our results suggest that convergent phenotypes can have quite distinctive evolutionary patterns, likely as a result of idiosyncratic constraints or ecological opportunities.
Fig. 5 in A New Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species
Fig. 5. (A–B) Dorsal fins of Squatina david. (A) Male, holotype, 787 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8250. (B) Female, paratype, 748 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8252.
Fig. 1 in A New Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species
Fig. 1. (A–B) Squatina david, new species. (A) Male, holotype, 787 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8250. (B) Female, paratype, 748 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8252. Zoom on mid-dorsal line, highlighting lack of thorns or enlarged dermal denticles.
Fig. 3 in A New Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species
Fig. 3. (A–B) Ventral head view of Squatina david. (A) Male, holotype, 787 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8250. (B) Female, paratype, 748 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8252.
Fig. 2 in A New Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species
Fig. 2. (A–B) Dorsal head view of Squatina david. (A) Male, holotype, 787 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8250; upper arrow points to spiracle and lower one to the eye, highlighting difference in size. (B) Female, paratype, 748 mm TL, INVEMAR PEC8252.
Fig. 7 in A New Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species
Fig. 7. Chronogram of American species of Squatina. Color bars match geographical distribution. Black circles correspond to posterior probabilities higher than 0.95, and gray circles correspond to values between 0.95 and 0.90.
Fig. 6 in A New Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species
Fig. 6. Time-calibrated hypothesis of 18 species of Squatina. Maximum clade credibility tree of three independent BEAST runs using a combined data set (COI and 16S) of 1170 bp. Red bars relate to 95 HPD of estimated divergence. Black circles correspond to posterior probabilities higher than 0.95. Gray circles are bonded to values between 0.95 and 0.90. White circles represent all those supporting values lower than 0.90.
Figure 15 in Reappraisal and new material of the holotype of Draconyx loureiroi (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) provide insights on the tempo and modo of evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs
Figure 15. Life restoration of Draconyx loureiroi, in the environment represented by Lourinhã Formation. Credit: Victor Carvalho, used with permission under CC BY NC 4.0 license.
Figure 13 in Reappraisal and new material of the holotype of Draconyx loureiroi (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) provide insights on the tempo and modo of evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs
Figure 13. Time calibrated Maximum Compatibility Tree (MCT) of the Bayesian clock analysis of the dataset of Xu et al. (2018). Colours of the branches reflect median evolutionary rates and number represents absolute values along branches themselves.
Figure 11 in Reappraisal and new material of the holotype of Draconyx loureiroi (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) provide insights on the tempo and modo of evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs
Figure 11. Pruned strict consensus tree of the parsimony analysis of the dataset of Bell et al. (2018). Bootstrap value in blue, Bremer support in red. Silhouettes from phylopic.org. Credit: Nobu Tamyra, Matthew Dempsey and Gareth Monger.
Figure 10 in Reappraisal and new material of the holotype of Draconyx loureiroi (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) provide insights on the tempo and modo of evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs
Figure 10. Comparison between the left femur ML 434 and the right femur SHN.(JJS).15. Femur SHN.015 and ML 434 in cranial (A, C) and medial (B, D) view. Abbreviations: 4th: fourth trochanter, cr, crest, fh, femoral head, lc, lateral condyle, lt, lesser trochanter, mc, medial condyle, mcl, scar of the Musculus caudifemoralis longus.
Figure 12 in Reappraisal and new material of the holotype of Draconyx loureiroi (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) provide insights on the tempo and modo of evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs
Figure 12. Time calibrated strict consensus tree of the analysis including Draconyx loureiroi in the dataset of Xu et al. (2018) (A). Bootstrap value in blue, Bremer support in red. Red colour is associated with an increasing Homoplasy Concentration index. XY graphs of Average Evolutionary Rates (B) and Average Homoplasy Rates (C) through time. Note the coinciding peaks of both AER and AHR. Silhouettes from phylopic.org. Credit: Michael Keesey, Matthew Dempsey and Pete Buchholz.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.