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Figure 8 in Shape variation in the mole dentary (Talpidae: Mammalia)

Figure 8. Distribution of talpid angular process outline shape in the ES-1 versus ES-2 (A) and ES-2 versus ES-3 (B) shape planes and corresponding outline shape models (C and D). L values = percentage variance accounted for by each axis based on singular values. For symbol shading conventions see text.

Figure 3 in Shape variation in the mole dentary (Talpidae: Mammalia)

Figure 3. Landmark locations on a talpid dentary. Anatomical descriptions of landmarks are as follows (types correspond to classification of Bookstein, 1991). (1) Anterior-most point of the dentary where the bone meets the anterior edge of the first incisor (Type 1). (2) Maximum curvature on the ventral border between the angular process and the most ventral point on the horizontal ramus (Type 2). (3) Maximum curvature of the posterior boundary between the angular process and the condylar process (Type 2). (4) Maximum curvature of the dorso-posterior boundary between the coronoid process and condylar process (Type 2). (5) Point where posterior edge of the 3rd molar meets the dentary bone, at the base of the coronoid process (Type 1). (6) Point where anterior edge of the 1st molar meets the dentary bone (Type 1).

Figure 6 in Shape variation in the mole dentary (Talpidae: Mammalia)

Figure 6. Distribution of talpid condylar process outline shape in the ES-1 versus ES-2 (A) and ES-2 versus ES-3 (B) shape planes and corresponding outline shape models (C and D). L values = percentage variance accounted for by each axis based on singular values. For symbol shading conventions see text.

Figure 12 in Shape variation in the mole dentary (Talpidae: Mammalia)

Figure 12. Distribution of horizontal ramus shape among fully fossorial moles in the RW-1 versus RW-2 and RW-2 versus RW-3 shape planes for Talpini (A and B, respectively), Scalopini (C and D) and corresponding shape models (E and F). Least convex hulls show position within the shape space that each genus occupies.

Fig. 20. Most parsimonious cladogram for the 58 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 20. Most parsimonious cladogram for the 58 myological characters (CI = 0.82, RI = 0.90). Numbers identify clades, which are discussed in the text and used in the apomorphy list (table 4).

Fig. 3 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of facial muscles of Parascalops; superficial muscles on left, deeper muscles on right.

Fig. 6 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 6. Ventral view of neck muscles of Parascalops; superficial muscles on bottom, deeper muscles on top.

Fig. 8 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 8. Ventral view of chest muscles of Parascalops; superficial muscles on left, deeper muscles on right.

Fig. 21 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 21. Present continental distributions mapped on most parsimonious cladogram. Distributions from Corbet and Hill (1991).

Fig. 5 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 5. Lateral view of snout muscles of Parascalops. A, Superficial layer; B, middle layer; C, deep layer.

Fig. 18 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 18. Medial view of lower leg muscles of Parascalops. A, Superficial muscles; B, deeper muscles.

Fig. 17 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 17. Lateral view of lower leg muscles of Parascalops. A, Superficial muscles; B, deeper muscles.

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List of Talpidae from the Late Miocene of Slovakia, and measurements of the lower molars of Desmanella rietscheli from Dorn-Dürkheim

Central Europe is an area of high diversity for the Talpidae (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) during the Late Miocene. The assemblages from Slovakia (Borský Svätý Jur, Krásno, Pezinok, Šalgovce, Studienka, Triblavina) are no exception with their abundant material representing eleven species. The uropsiline Desmanella is represented by D. rietscheli and D. dubia. Desmanini fossils are attributed to Archaeodesmana vinea, Archaeodesmana dissona nov. sp., Gerhardstorchia biradicata and Gerhardstorchia sp. The scalopine Proscapanus minor and P. austriacus are well recorded in the Vallesian localities and support the emergence of P. austriacus before the MN9/10 transition. Talpini and Urotrichini are especially rare and only represented by Talpa cf. minuta and Urotrichini gen. sp. indet. Finally, we identified in the MN9 locality of Borský Svätý Jur the youngest occurrence of Desmanodon in Europe with D. cf. fluegeli. The high Late Miocene central European diversity is partly explained by the co-occurence of the competing Scalopini and Talpini during the Vallesian, indicating high-resources environments. The decline of these tribes, followed by the success of the desmans during the Turolian, appears as a consequence of regional environmental changes.

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FIGURE 4. M1 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae

FIGURE 4. M1 (ETMNH 20779) super-positioned on top of m2 (ETMNH 6994). Scale bar equals 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Shape variation in the mole dentary (Talpidae: Mammalia)

Figure 1. Regions of the mammalian (talpid) dentary.

Fig. 16 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 16. Medial view of pelvic limb muscles of Parascalops, M. gracilis removed.

Fig. 13 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 13. Intrinsic muscles of the manus of Galemys.

Fig. 9 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 9. Dorsal view of pectoral limb muscles of Parascalops.

Fig. 10 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 10. Ventral view of pectoral limb muscles of Parascalops.

Fig. 2 in Comparative Myology of Moles and the Phylogeny of the Talpidae (Mammalia, Lipotyphla)

Fig. 2. Masticatory muscles of Parascalops.