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Fig. 14 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 14. Examples of states of bone preservation of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. A. Several tibiae originally labelled with low Ig numbers showing multiple breaks perpendicular to their long axis. B. Isolated shaft of the left femur GPIT/RE/3446 in medial view with its proximal and distal ends broken off but with excellent preservation of the bone surface and of the delicate 4th trochanter. C. The right ilium GPIT/RE/6544 with the usual broken off preacetabular process and net-like surface cracks on the otherwise well-preserved lateral bone surface. D. Dorsal vertebra GPIT/RE/5462 of a juvenile individual in anterior view with plastic deformation of the left diapophysis. The deformation of this side is visible in two additional, potentially associated dorsal vertebrae. E. Unlabeled right humerus from the SMNS collections with well-preserved articular ends but with a distorted and compressed midshaft. F. Excellent preservation of the right calcaneum GPIT/RE/5808 in lateral view. G. The left jugal MB.R.1333 in lateral view with numerous diagenetic cracks which were resealed in situ by calcite. H. Right quadrate MB.R.3478 in lateral view with its cotylar head and upper part of the anterolateral wing broken off and slightly displaced forward whereas the surface of the bone and its delicate processes are generally well preserved. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 1. Location of the Ig/WJ-locality. A. Position of the Tendaguru locality in Tanzania, redrawn from Google Maps and on the basis of locality information of Aberhan et al. (2002). B. Geological map of the Tendaguru area with main stratigraphic units, the position of quarry Jg/WJ is marked with an asterisk, and some other important quarries from the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913) are labelled with their respective letters. Roads are marked by dashed lines. Data are from Janensch (1925b), Heinrich 1999b), and Aberhan et al. (2002). The names of stratigraphic units are from Bussert et al. (2009).

Fig. 3 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 3. Original, unopened bamboo corsets containing bones of ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1920, from Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania, which are housed in the collection of fossil reptiles at the MfN. A. Stored as a stack. B. Bamboo corset in lateral view. C. Showing the labelling on the front side. The bamboo corsets are labelled with the quarry numbers and field numbers as assigned to single fossil blocks. Reference to specimens is not possible, because most of them are unprepared sediment blocks. D. CT slice exposing cross-section through bamboo corset Ig 88, bones are in white whereas lighter materials such as clay, cushioning with grass, and bamboo sticks are displaying around.

Fig. 8 in Research history, taphonomy, and age structure of a mass accumulation of the ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania

Fig. 8. Tentative reconstruction of the spatial relationships of the four bonebeds of the Ig/WJ-quarry according to the available descriptions and dates of Werner Janensch and Hans Reck. The actual shape and absolute sizes of the bonebeds are schematic and speculative. Top (A) and profile (B) views are in relation to the cardinal points. Note that the actual stratigraphic level of BB-1 in relation to BB-2 is uncertain (double headed arrow). The dotted ellipses show the approximate position of the large, possibly sauropod, bones found in September 1912 within the otherwise bone-free layer in between BB-3 and BB-4 including a scapula and a cervical vertebra. BB, bonebed. See Fig. 7 for comparison.

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Fig. 3 in Record of postmortem injuries caused by the Neotropical social wasp Agelaia fulvofasciata (Degeer) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) on pig carcasses in the Eastern Amazon region: implications in forensic taphonomy

Fig. 3. Arrow pointing postmortem injuries (artifacts) produced by biotaphonomic activity of Agelaia fulvofasciata.

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Fig. 6 in Taphonomy of a clypeasteroid echinoid using a new quasimetric approach

Fig. 6. Histograms of undrilled (A) and drilled (B) tests of Echinocyamus pusillus with respect to the total abrasion value. N, number of individuals.

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Fig. 1 in Taphonomy of a clypeasteroid echinoid using a new quasimetric approach

Fig. 1. Location (arrows) of study area on the map of Italy and the Tyrrhenian Sea (A) and Giglio Island in the Tuscan Archipelago (B). Location of sample points (white circles) around the northern part of the island (C). Modified after Grun et al. 2014.

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Fig. 5 in Taphonomy of a clypeasteroid echinoid using a new quasimetric approach

Fig. 5. Box-Whisker plot of the encrustation rates of Echinocyamus pusillus samples among the tests size. Outliers were removed from the graph. N, number of individuals.

Fig. 2 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 2. Maps of China and Guangxi (A) adapted from "Croquant" on Wikimedia (licensed under CC BY 3.0). B. Map showing the region of machaeridian locality (asterisk); adapted from Google Maps.

Fig. 5 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 5. Overview of the other objects found in the sample. A. Object 3 could not be identified with certainty, but is likely part of a sclerite from the flank. B. Sclerite 9 might be from the dorsal articulation. C. Objects 15 and 16 might belong to the same, incomplete sclerite. D. Sclerite 11 preserves only the dorsal flange. E. Objects 8, 12, 13, and 14 might actually be parts of two sclerites as indicated by the white lines.

Fig. 6 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 6. View of a pair of 3D-prints of articulated right (1) and left (2) sclerites from obliquely posterior (A) and dorsal (B) views. Note the perfect fit of the sclerites. Within the hinge of sclerite 1 in B, the indentation on the right of the hinge flange is an artefact from tresholding (probably, the shell was too thin in that place). Sclerites 1 and 2 were enlarged 25 times (for original dimensions see Fig. 4).

Fig. 1 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 1. Machaeridian annelid Lepidocoleus kuangguoduni sp. nov., Nandan Formation, Eifelian, near Napiao, Guangxi (China). A. The main plate containing most machaeridian sclerites. B. The counterplate of the same specimen (it was glued back onto the slab prior to CT-scanning); note the limonitic filling of the rugae and the chaotic arrangement of the plates.

Fig. 8 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 8. Orientation of the 70 dacryoconarids in the sample. A. Rose diagram showing the lineations of the dacryoconarids (numbers 5 and 8 refer to dacryoconarid counts; note that both the tip and aperture where counted of each object resulting in double counts). B. Rose diagram showing dacryoconarids whose apices are higher (open rectangles) and lower (closed rectangles) positioned than their corresponding open ends in relation to an imagined x-y-plane.

Fig. 9 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 9. Comparison between the known species of Lepidocoleus and L. kuangguoduni sp. nov. with number of sclerites, age, and geographic occurrence indicated; lateral (A) and dorsal (E) views of the fossils, images of sclerites (B), outlines of sclerites (C), cross sections, to show the proportions of the dorsal depression (D).

Fig. 4 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 4. Overview of the almost complete sclerites from the 3D-analysis (orthographic perspective). Group I: sclerites 1, 4, 6 (A–C) and group II: sclerites 2, 5, 7, 10 (D–G). Internal (A1–G1), lateral (A2–G2), dorsal (A3–G3), posterior (A4–G4), and anterior (A5–G5) views.

Fig. 7 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 7. Overview of objects interpreted as dacryoconarids surrounding the machaeridian sclerites. A. All objects including the ones discarded for further analysis (light grey). B. Dacryoconarids selected for measurements (red).

Fig. 3 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 3. Overview over the assemblage of the sixteen 3D-objects which were created from different viewpoints. Orthographic top (A) and front (B) views. Orthographic top view (C), projected on the sample to show the position of the 3D-model in the correct position on the x-y-plane and corresponding viewing directions. Orthographic left side (D) and right side (E) views.

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Fig. 9 in Taphonomy of the earliest Cambrian linguliform brachiopods

Fig. 9. Microprobe EDS analyses of Recent lingulid brachiopod Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 (AF JL.An.Tra) from Japan. A. Shell section. The external (B), median (C), and internal (D) portions of a valve of the shell. Measurements were made below the median adductor muscle.

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Fig. 11 in Taphonomy of the earliest Cambrian linguliform brachiopods

Fig. 11. EDX analyses of Recent lingulid brachiopod Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 (AF JEn.An.Long) from Japan. A. The gut wall. B. The gut content with the siliceous layer due to the diatoms. C. The lophophore (C3), close up of the lophophoral tentacles (C1). The white mineral visible in C1 and C3 is Si (distributed in the whole lophophore). SEM photographs (A1–C1, C3), EDX point analyses (A2–C2).