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Fig. 4 H. itoi, nauplius 2 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 4 H. itoi, nauplius 2, ventral side (SEM) a General view. b Labrum, terminal papilla of labrum in lower right angle in rectangular area (pores of labrum indicated by asterisks). c Right naupliar limbs, segments of exopods numbered in Arabic, segments of endopods numbered in Roman. d Anteriormost end (pore indicated by asterisk). e Central area with labrum and naupliar limbs (pore indicated by asterisk, segments of endopods numbered in Roman). f Posteriormost end, posterioventral view (pores indicated be asterisks). g Pore on ventrlolateral cuticular ridge (vlr3) in posterior part (indicated by asterisk). Abbreviations: a1 - antennules; a2 - antennae; an - anus; ba - basis; bm - boundary of moult of faciotrunk; co - coxa; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; ff? - putative rudiments of frontal filaments; fs - furcal spines; lb - labrum; md - mandible; rmx1 - rudiments of maxillules; vlr – ventrolateral cuticular ridges; vmr – ventromedial cuticular ridges. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 3 H. itoi, nauplius 2 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 3 H. itoi, nauplius 2, dorsal side (SEM) a Just moulted, young nauplius with remnants of cuticle of nauplius 1 at posterior end, cuticular plates compressed, anterior end round; bent anteriormost end in upper right. b Mature nauplius with stretched cuticular plates, anterior end elongated. c Mature nauplius, dorsolateral view, pore without setae indicated by asterisks. d Central area of head shield around 'window plate' (W), setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks. E Papilla of dorsocaudal organ. Abbreviations: bm - boundary of moult between head shield and faciotrunk; dco - papilla of dorsocaudal organ; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; n1-ev - shedding cuticle (exuvium) of nauplius 1. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 2 H. itoi, nauplius 1 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 2 H. itoi, nauplius 1, ventral side (SEM) a General view (cuticular folder with putative rudiments of frontal filaments from 'C' in rectangle area). b Labrum. c Putative rudiments of frontal filaments. d Right naupliar limbs, segments of exopods numbered in Arabic, segments of endopods numbered in Roman. e Posterior part, 5 transverse cuticular rows or combs of denticles corresponding to ventral cuticular ridges of hindbody in subsequent instars indicated by arrowheads. Abbreviations: a1 - antennules; a2 - antennae; ba - basis; co - coxa; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; ff? - putative rudiments of frontal filaments; fs - furcal spines; hb - hindbody; lb - labrum; md - mandible. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 13 Nauplii 1 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 13 Nauplii 1 of Ascothoracida (Sessilogoga captiva Kolbasov et al. 2020 from Taiwan) - a, b and Cirripedia (Balanus balanus (Linnaeus 1758) from the White Sea) - c-f; note absence of frontal filaments and vestiges of maxillules; smooth cuticle without developed sculpture and long setae; smooth labrum without pores and setae; limbs without distinct segmentation; half-formed feeding armament of limbs bearing shorter swimming setae and gnathobases; and short furcal and dorsocaudal spines a Ventral side of moulting nauplius 1, shedding cuticle (n1-ev) peeled away to reveal frontal filaments (ff) of second instar. b Lateral side, anterior cuticle of dorsal shield (n1-ev) peeled away to reveal wrinkled cuticle of second instar. c Dorsal side, note frontolateral horns pressed to the side. d Ventrolateral view from posterior end, note undeveloped gnathobases and small, slit- shaped mouth (mo). e Anterior side, note absence of frontal filaments. f Anterioventral view, shedding cuticle (n1-ev) peeled away to reveal frontal filaments (ff) of second instar. Abbreviations: a1 - antennule; a2 - antenna; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; ff - frontal filaments; fh - frontolateral horns; fs - furcal spines; lb - labrum; md - mandible; mo - mouth; n1-ev - shedding cuticle (exuvium) of nauplius 1. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 7 H. itoi, nauplius 4 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 7 H. itoi, nauplius 4, dorsal side (SEM). a General view. b Head shield (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). Abbreviations: dco - papilla of dorsocaudal organ; dcs - dorsocaudal spine. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 10 H. itoi, nauplius 6 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 10 H. itoi, nauplius 6, dorsal side (SEM) a General view. b Anterior part of head shield (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). c Posterior part of head shield, left side (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). d Posterior part of faciotrunk. Abbreviations: bm - boundary of moult of faciotrunk; dco - papilla of dorsocaudal organ; dcs - dorsocaudal spine. Scale bars in μm

Figure 26 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 26. COI gene tree by maximum likelihood (ML) and species delimitation of Petrarca. Bootstrap support for neighbour-joining (NJ) and ML and posterior probability for Bayesian inference (BI) are presented at the main nodes. Results of species delimitation were presented by vertical bars, and the numbers in the black boxes were as follows: 1–3, results of ASAP with three highest ASAP-score; 4, 5, results of PTP method with maximum likelihood and the highest Bayesian supported solution; 6, result of GMYC.

Figure 25 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 25. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, thoracopods and penis, SEM. A, thoracopod 1. B, ctenoid scales on thoracopod 3. C, rudimentary abdomen, ventral side. D, distal end of penis. Abbreviations: pe, penis (base); rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp1, thoracopod 1. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 21 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 21. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., holotype, thoracopods, penis and abdomen. A, rudimentary setiform thoracopod 1. B, left thoracopods 2–6 (numbered) with groups of seminal receptacles. C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, distal part of penis. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 24 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 24. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, mouthparts, SEM. A, labrum, lateroventral view. B, C, distal part and cutting edge of mandible respectively (tiny setae on cutting edge indicated by arrowheads). D, dense thin setae on proximal half of outer margin of mandible. E, maxillule. F, G, middle and lower parts of cutting edge of maxillule. H, basal 'pore-field' of maxillule. I, maxillules and maxillae. J, thickened and wrinkled cuticle on distal surface of maxilla. K, ctenoid scale on lateral surface of maxilla. Abbreviations: mx1, maxillules; mx2, maxillae. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 22 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 22. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratypes, general view and mantle (carapace) structures, SEM. A, general view, lateral view, left side. B, external surface of mantle, central part, papillae coloured in magenta. C, external surface of mantle with papillae, ventral side. D, tip of papilla with central micropore. E, habitus with left valve removed (first abdominal segment numbered). F, surface of internal cuticle of mantle with two tiny pores. Abbreviations: oc, oral cone; pe, penis; thp2–6, thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 19 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 19. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., general view, light microscopy (A, B, holotype; C, D, paratypes). A, B, lateral view, right and left sides, respectively. C, adult specimen, right side. D, young specimen, left side. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 20 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 20. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., holotype, antennules and mouthparts. A, left antennule, segments numbered. B, C, terminal (fifth) segments of left and right antennules, respectively. D, rudimentary seta on fourth antennular segment. E, labrum with mouth structures, lateral view. F, mandible. G, cutting edge of mandible. H, maxillule. I, distal ends of maxillae. Abbreviations: ae, aesthetasc; cl, claw; clg, claw guard; ml, medial languette; mo, mouth opening; oe, oesophagus. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 23 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 23. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, antennules, SEM. A, left antennule, segments numbered. B, rudimentary seta on fourth antennular segment. C, tiny pores (circled) on lateral surface of terminal (fifth) antennular segment. D, double pores on lateral surface of terminal (fifth) antennular segment. E, rudimentary setae (indicated by arrowheads) at base of claw, fifth antennular segment. F, aesthetasc on claw guard (rudimentary seta at base of aesthetasc indicated by arrowhead). G, rudimentary subterminal seta (indicated by arrowhead) of aesthetasc of claw guard. H, rudimentary terminal setae of claw guard (indicated by arrowheads). I, wrinkled cuticle with tiny pores on postaxial (ventral) margin of fifth antennular segment. Abbreviations: ae, aesthetasc; cl, claw; clg, claw guard. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 14 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 14. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., holotype, general view, light microscopy (C–F after treatment with KOH solution). A, B, lateral view, right and left sides, respectively. C–E, lateral, dorsal and ventral views, respectively, ventral papillae from (C) enlarged in oval outline, body proper observed between carapace valves in (E). F, body proper position between carapace valves, lateral view, right valve removed, first abdominal segment numbered. Abbreviations: a1, antennules; oc, oral cone; pa, papillae; pe, penis; rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp, thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 16 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 16. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., holotype, thoracopods, penis and abdomen. A, rudimentary setiform thoracopod 1. B, right thoracopods 2–6 (numbered) with groups of seminal receptacles. C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, distal part of penis. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 18 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 18. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., paratype, oral cone, thoracopods, abdomen and penis, SEM. A, oral cone, ventral view. B, ctenoid scales on labrum and maxilla enlarged from (A). C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, thoracopods 3 and 4 (numbered). E, distal part of penis. Abbreviations: lb, labrum; mo, mouth opening; mx2, maxillae. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 17 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 17. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., paratype, general view and mantle (carapace) structures, SEM. A, left carapace valve, lateral view, external side (anterior end on the left partially destroyed after body proper was removed). B, external surface of mantle with papillae (coloured in magenta), dorsoposterior view. C, papilla on dorsoposterior surface enlarged from (B). D, conspicuous external papillae, anterioventral side. E, external papillae, ventral side. F, tip of external papilla with central micropore (indicated by arrowhead). G, right carapace valve, lateral view, internal side (anterior end on the left partially destroyed after body proper was removed). H, body proper removed from carapace valves (thoracopods numbered in Arabic, first abdominal segment numbered in Roman). Abbreviations: a1, antennule; ad, adductor muscle; oc, oral cone; pe, penis; rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp, thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 12 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 12. Petrarca morula, body proper, antennules and oral cone, SEM. A, body proper, lateral view, right side. B, right antennule, segments numbered, lateral view. C, rudimentary seta on fourth antennular segment. D, micropores (encircled) on lateral side in proximal half of fifth antennular segment. E, micropore of fifth antennular segment enlarged from (D). F, distal part of fifth antennular segment with claw and claw guard, reduced setae indicated by arrowheads. G, wrinkled

Figure 13 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 13. Petrarca morula, rudimentary thoracopods, abdomen and penis, SEM. A, thoracopod 2. B, ctenoid scales on thoracopod 2 enlarged from (A). C, distal part of penis. D, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. E, F, tiny pores and ctenoid scales on abdominal segment 3, respectively. Scale bars in µm.