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224 results for “Tradeoff”
Chemical defense strategies, induction timing, growth, and tradeoffs in Pinus aristata and Pinus flexilis
<p>Tradeoffs among plant defense investment and fitness traits, including growth, are often invoked to explain evolutionary strategies targeted at resisting herbivores. Many Pinus species have specialized herbivores, including the mountain pine beetle, <em>Dendroctonus ponderosae</em>, (MPB), and have historically been a focus of defense investigations. We compared defense traits of two high-elevation <em>Pinus </em>species, <em>P. aristata</em> and <em>P. flexilis</em>, that are hosts to MPB and hypothesized to have different growth and defense traits and potential tradeoffs. Interspecific differences were assessed by sampling trees within the same stands, and intraspecific differences were assessed by sampling stands at sites across latitudes where both species co-occurred. Constitutive defenses were measured at day 0, and the timing, concentration, and composition of an induced resin defense response was assessed by sampling at 1, 4, and 30 days following either mechanical wounding only or a simulated MPB attack using its primary fungal symbiont <em>Grosmannia clavigera</em>. At day 4, induced resin concentrations did not differ between mechanical wounding and simulated MPB attack in either species. By day 30, resin defense concentrations in response to simulated MPB attack were greater than response to mechanical wounding and were >19-fold greater than constitutive levels. Results suggest that initial induced resin defense responses in the two species are likely generalized, with a delayed response that is targeted specifically at MPB and <em>G. clavigera</em>. At all sites, <em>P. aristata</em> had higher concentrations of constitutive and day 30 induced resin defenses compared to <em>P. flexilis</em>, although <em>P. flexilis</em> induced proportionately more. Tradeoffs in growth and defense between the species were only found at the two most climatically favorable sites where<em> P. aristata</em> grew slower than <em>P. flexilis</em>. No tradeoffs were found between the two defense types at either biological scale. Overall, our findings highlight that the two pine species growing in the same stands 1) have a delayed response to a specialized native herbivore and fungal symbiont, 2) only exhibited interspecific defense-growth tradeoffs at two climatically favorable sites, and showed no intraspecific defense-growth tradeoffs, 3) showed no tradeoffs between constitutive and induced defenses at either biological scale, and 4) have evolved different defense strategies.</p>
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Sample-Based Decisions
<p>Data sets supplying the article "Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Sample-Based Decisions".</p>
Resistance of Dickeya solani strain IPO 2222 to lytic bacteriophage ΦD5 results in fitness tradeoffs for the bacterium during infection - microscopic dataset
<p>Microscopic datasets (TEM, SEM and AFM) supporting the manuscript entitled: <strong>Resistance of </strong><em><strong>Dickeya solani</strong></em><strong> strain IPO 2222 to lytic bacteriophage </strong><strong>Φ</strong><strong>D5 results in fitness tradeoffs for the bacterium during infection.</strong></p>
Resistance of Dickeya solani strain IPO 2222 to lytic bacteriophage ΦD5 results in fitness tradeoffs for the bacterium during infection - mutants genomes dataset
<p>Raw genome sequence (genomes of the phage-resistant D. solani Tn5 mutants) dataset supporting the manuscript entitled: <strong>Resistance of </strong><em><strong>Dickeya solani</strong></em><strong> strain IPO 2222 to lytic bacteriophage </strong><strong>Φ</strong><strong>D5 results in fitness tradeoffs for the bacterium during infection.</strong></p>
Mitigating ecosystem service tradeoffs in rangelands by using grazing duration and timing to manage water quality
<p>1. Mitigating ecosystem service (ES) tradeoffs is a key management goal in locations where stakeholders value different and potentially conflicting ecosystem services (ESs). However, studies are not often designed to examine how local management actions address ES tradeoffs, and therefore do not provide options that can alleviate conflict.</p> <p>2. In semi-arid rangelands, we examined the potential for managers to mitigate tradeoffs between livestock production and water quality. To move away from solutions that offer cattle removal as a singular management strategy, we examined how cattle presence, plus two elements of rotational grazing - the length of time cattle spend on rangeland (i.e., duration), and the season grazed (i.e., timing), affected stream Escherichia coli (E. coli concentrations). We also modeled how grazing duration and timing affected the ability to meet regulatory benchmarks for water quality throughout a grazing season.</p> <p>3. Grazing duration controlled the length of time E. coli concentrations were high in streams. In short- and medium-duration systems, E. coli concentrations were high for shorter periods of time than in long-duration systems, resulting in fewer violations of national and state water quality standards.</p> <p>4. Stream E. coli concentrations showed a consistent seasonal pattern, starting low in spring, peaking in summer, and declining towards fall. Thus, grazing during spring or fall, rather than in summer, reduced the number of days that E. coli levels exceeded water quality standards.</p> <p>5. Our results suggest that reducing the grazing duration and shifting its timing are complementary strategies that can mitigate the tradeoffs between livestock grazing and water quality without fencing-off riparian areas or removing cattle from pastures with streams.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications. In this study, we found grazing duration and timing can be used as tools to mitigate ES tradeoffs between cattle production and water quality in rangeland streams. Shorter grazing durations reduced the number of days <i>E. coli</i> levels were above regulatory limits, as did grazing that occurred either early or late in the season. These results support the idea that rotational grazing can be an effective strategy to manage water quality in semi-arid rangelands. They also highlight the need for more grazing studies that incorporate gradients of duration and timing into study designs.</p>
Personality-mediated speed-accuracy tradeoffs in mating in a 17-year periodical cicada
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>There exists growing evidence that animal personality (consistent between individual differences in behavior) can influence an individual's fitness. Furthermore, limitations in behavioral plasticity may cause personality-mediated tradeoffs to occur, for example, between speed and accuracy in decision making. We explored whether various measures of personality could predict speed-accuracy tradeoffs in mate selection using Pharaoh cicadas (<em>Magicicada septendecim</em>) and examined the phenotypic traits predicting male mating performance and advertisement rates. We assessed whether male exploration behavior, boldness, and weight, could predict a male's overall copulation attempt rate (the number of attempted copulations with conspecifics of either sex), the number of errors a male made when selecting a mate (the number of same-sex copulation attempts), and male reproductive performance (whether a male successfully copulated with a female). We also assessed whether personality-dependent variation in male advertisement rate (the number of calling song bouts) might underpin the correlation between exploration behavior and mating performance. Although male exploration behavior did not predict male advertisement rate, we found that faster-exploring males exhibited higher overall rates of attempted copulations while also attempting more same-sex copulations, compared to slower-exploring males, suggesting a personality-mediated speed-accuracy tradeoff. Despite making more mate choice errors, however, faster explorers were more likely to successfully copulate with females, compared to slower explorers, indicating that speed may be favored over accuracy in systems where heavily male-biased sex ratios lead to scramble competition. Overall, this work highlights the role of personality in sexual selection and demonstrates that personality can influence speed-accuracy trade-offs in mating.</span></p>
Data from: Density-dependent disease, life history tradeoffs, and the effect of leaf pathogens on a suite of co-occurring close relatives
1. Plant pathogens reduce the performance of their hosts and therefore may contribute to ecological mechanisms of coexistence. In Chesson's framework, pathogens contribute to stabilizing mechanisms when they intensify negative intraspecific interactions, such as density-dependent disease. Additionally, pathogens contribute to equalizing mechanisms when they reduce differences in performance among species. Life history tradeoffs predict higher susceptibility to pathogens in rapidly growing species, which could equalize performance among fast- and slow-growing species in the presence of pathogens. 2. In a coastal prairie in California, we studied the impact of leaf diseases on the performance of seventeen coexisting species of Trifolium and Medicago ("clovers"). We transplanted clovers in randomized arrays into the natural prairie community in three years of common garden experiments. We quantified infection rates by isolating fungi from leaves, and we measured disease severity as percent leaf area damaged. In a fungicide experiment, we measured the impact of infection on biomass and survival. We assessed whether disease on transplants was positively related to natural abundance of that species in the surrounding community, which we monitored over 5 years. We assessed life history tradeoffs by testing whether more rapidly growing species were more susceptible to pathogens. 3. Rank abundance of clover species was stable over five years despite marked environmental fluctuations. Across hosts, fungal infection was not linearly related to density, although transplants of species that were locally absent showed lower and more variable infection. Disease severity was greater for more abundant species in only one of three years, and response to fungicide was not stronger in more abundant species. Faster-growing species experienced greater fungal infection. Consistent with predictions of the leaf economic spectrum, the impact of infection on faster-growing species was less negative than for slower-growing species. 4. Our results suggest that life history tradeoffs in plant-pathogen interactions may contribute to equalizing mechanisms among species in this guild, but that the combined effects of greater infection with greater tolerance may limit rather than promote coexistence. We also found modest evidence that density-dependent disease may contribute to stabilizing mechanisms. Lack of host specificity, rapid evolution of host use, and temporal variation in climatic conditions may all influence the role that pathogens play in coexistence of these closely related plants.
Data from: Genotypic traits and tradeoffs of fast growth in silver birch, a pioneer tree
<p>Fast-growing and slow-growing plant species are suggested to show integrated economics spectrums and the tradeoffs of fast growth are predicted to emerge as susceptibility to herbivory and resource competition. We tested if these predictions also hold for fast-growing and slow-growing genotypes within a silver birch, <i>Betula pendula</i> population. We exposed cloned saplings of 17 genotypes with slow, medium or fast height growth to reduced insect herbivory, using an insecticide, and to increasing resource competition, using naturally varying field plot grass cover. We measured shoot and root growth, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal production using ergosterol analysis and soil N transfer to leaves using <sup>15</sup>N-labelled pulse of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. We found that fast-growing genotypes grew on average 78% faster, produced 56% and 16% more leaf mass and ergosterol, and showed 78% higher leaf N uptake than slow-growing genotypes. The insecticide decreased leaf damage by 83% and increased shoot growth, leaf growth and leaf N uptake by 38%, 52% and 76%, without differences between the responses of fast-growing and slow-growing genotypes, whereas root mass decreased with increasing grass cover. Shoot and leaf growth of fast-growing genotypes decreased and EM fungal production of slow-growing genotypes increased with increasing grass cover. Our results suggest that fast growth is genotypically associated with higher allocation to EM fungi, better soil N capture and greater leaf production, and that the tradeoff of fast growth is sensitivity to competition, but not to insect herbivory. EM fungi may have a dual role: to support growth of fast-growing genotypes under low grass competition and to maintain growth of slow-growing genotypes under intensifying competition.</p>
Making sense of virus size and the tradeoffs shaping viral fitness
Viruses span an impressive size range, with genome length varying a thousandfold and virion volume nearly a millionfold. For cellular organisms the scaling of traits with size is a pervasive influence on ecological processes, but whether size plays a central role in viral ecology is unknown. Here we focus on viruses of aquatic unicellular organisms, which exhibit the greatest known range of virus size. We outline hypotheses within a quantitative framework, and analyze data where available, to consider how size affects the primary components of viral fitness. We argue that larger viruses have fewer offspring per infection and slower contact rates with host cells, but a larger genome tends to increase infection efficiency, broaden host range, and potentially increase attachment success and decrease decay rate. These countervailing selective pressures may explain why a breadth of sizes exist and even coexist when infecting the same host populations. Oligotrophic ecosystems may be enriched in "giant" viruses, because environments with resource-limited phagotrophs at low concentrations may select for broader host range, better control of host metabolism, lower decay rate, and a physical size that mimics bacterial prey. Finally, we describe where further research is needed to understand the ecology and evolution of viral size diversity.
Dataset for "Polyploidy impacts population growth and competition with diploids: Multigenerational experiments reveal key life history tradeoffs"
<p>Datasets associated with the manuscript "Polyploidy impacts population growth and competition with diploids: Multigenerational experiments reveal key life history tradeoffs".</p>
The role of environmental variation in mediating fitness tradeoffs for an amphibian polyphenism
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Fitness tradeoffs are a foundation of ecological and evolutionary theory because tradeoffs can explain life history variation, phenotypic plasticity, and the existence of polyphenisms. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Using a 32-year mark-recapture dataset on lifetime fitness for 1,093 adult Arizona tiger salamanders (<em>Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum</em>) from a high elevation, polyphenic population, we evaluated the extent to which two life history morphs (aquatic paedomorphs vs terrestrial metamorphs) exhibited fitness tradeoffs in breeding and body condition with respect to environmental variation (e.g., climate) and internal state-based variables (e.g., age). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Both morphs displayed a similar response to higher probabilities of breeding during years of high spring precipitation (i.e., not indicative of a morph-specific fitness tradeoff). There were likely no climate-induced fitness tradeoffs on breeding state for the two life history morphs because precipitation and water availability are vital to amphibian reproduction. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Body condition displayed a contrasting response for the two morphs that was indicative of a climate-induced fitness tradeoff. While metamorphs exhibited a positive relationship with summer snowpack conditions, paedomorphs were unaffected. Fitness tradeoffs from summer snowpack are likely due to extended hydroperiods in temporary ponds, where metamorphs gain a fitness advantage during the summer growing season by exploiting resources that are unavailable to paeodomorphs. However, paedomorphs appear to have the overwintering fitness advantage because they consistently had higher body condition than metamorphs at the start of the summer growing season. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Our results reveal that climate and habitat type (metamorphs as predominately terrestrial, paedomorphs as fully aquatic) interact to confer different advantages for each morph. These results advance our current understanding of fitness tradeoffs in this well-studied polyphenic amphibian by integrating climate-based mechanisms. Our conclusions prompt future studies to explore how climatic variation can maintain polyphenisms and promote life history diversity, as well as the implications of climate change for polyphenisms. </span></p>
Africa's ecosystems exhibit a tradeoff between resistance and stability following disturbances
<p class="MsoNormal">Environmental disturbances may prevent ecosystems from consistently performing their critical ecological functions. Two important properties of ecosystems are their resistance and stability, which respectively reflect their capacities to withstand and recover from disturbance events (e.g., droughts, wildfires, pests, etc.). Theory suggests that resistant and stable ecosystems possess opposing characteristics, but this has seldom been established across diverse ecosystem attributes or broad spatial scales. Here, we compare the resistance and stability of >1,000 protected area ecosystems in Africa to disturbance-induced losses in primary productivity from 2000-2019. We quantitatively evaluated each ecosystem such that following disturbances, an ecosystem is more resistant if it experiences lower-magnitude losses in productivity, and more stable if it returns more rapidly to pre-disturbance productivity levels. To compare the characteristics of resistant versus stable ecosystems, we optimized random forest models that use ecosystem attributes (representing their climatic and environmental conditions, plant and faunal biodiversity, and exposure to human impacts) to predict their resistance and, separately, stability values. We visualized each attribute's relationship with resistance and stability after accounting for all other attributes in the model framework. Ecosystems that are more resistant to disturbances are less stable, and vice versa. The ecosystem attributes with the most predictive power in our models all exhibit contrasting relationships with resistance versus stability. Notably, highly resistant ecosystems are generally more arid and exhibit high habitat heterogeneity and mammalian biodiversity, while highly stable ecosystems are the opposite. We discuss the underlying mechanisms through which these attributes engender resistance or, conversely, stability. Our findings suggest that resistance and stability are fundamentally opposing phenomena. A balance between the two must be struck if ecosystems are to maintain their identity, structure, and function in the face of environmental change.</p>
Data from: Litter quality controls tradeoffs in soil carbon decomposition and replenishment in a subtropical forest
<p><span>Species-rich forests can produce litter of varying carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) composition (<em>i.e</em>., quality), which can affect decomposition and play a central role in long-term soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. However, how differences in litter quality affect SOC decomposition and formation remains unclear over the full litter decomposition trajectory. </span></p> <p><span>We followed the <em>in-situ</em> complete decomposition of added <sup>13</sup>C-labelled high- (low C:N) and low-quality (high C:N) leaf-litter and its effect on particulate (POM) and mineral-associated (MAOM) organic matter fractions over two years in a natural subtropical forest.</span></p> <p><span>We found that during early stages of decomposition</span><span>, low-quality litter inputs decreased SOC via a positive priming effect (i.e., new C inputs favored decomposition of native SOC), but these SOC losses were offset by SOC gains observed via a negative priming effect during decomposition of high-quality litter. In contrast, this pattern reversed during </span><span>late</span><span> stages of decomposition</span><span>—SOC losses via a positive priming effect induced by </span><span>high-quality litter were offset by SOC gains via a negative priming effect induced by low-quality litter. </span><span>Over the full decomposition of litter, b</span><span>oth high- and low-quality litter stimulated</span><span> microbial breakdown of SOC tied to POM,</span><span> but </span><span>also replenished more persistent SOC that associated with soil minerals (MAOM).</span><span> Altogether, we observed</span><span> that low-quality litter formed twice as much new SOC as high-quality litter (24% vs. 12% of added litter-C). We extend the notion of the priming effect </span><span>from primarily a negative role promoting losses of native SOC, to a functional role that can replenish persistent SOC.</span> </p> <p><strong><em><span>Synthesis</span></em></strong><span><strong><em>.</em></strong> Our measurements</span><span> raise the possibility that, in species-rich forests, high- and low-quality litter decomposition play opposite but dynamically complementary roles in renewing POM—both by inducing its decomposition and formation—while exclusively favoring MAOM formation, which can help explain how differences in litter quality favor SOC accumulation and persistence. Global change factors that shift plant community composition may ultimately affect the fate of soil C, as changes in litter quality may force soil transitions </span><span>from sinks to sources or sources to sinks of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>.</span></p>
Data for: Genome material costs and functional tradeoffs in the autopolyploid Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod) series
<p><strong>Premise of study</strong>: Increased genomic "material costs" of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) atoms inherent to organisms with larger genome sizes (GS) has been proposed to limit growth under nutrient scarcities and promote growth under nutrient enrichments. Such responsiveness may reflect a nutrient-dependent diploid versus polyploid advantage that could have vast ecological and evolutionary implications, but direct evidence that material costs increase with ploidy-level and/or influence cytotype-dependent growth, metabolic, and/or resource-use tradeoffs is limited.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We grew diploid, auto-tetraploid, and auto-hexaploid <em>Solidago gigantea</em> plants under one of four ambient and enriched N:P treatments and measured traits related to material costs, primary and secondary metabolism, and resource-use.</p> <p><strong>Key</strong> <strong>results</strong>: Relative to diploids, polyploids invested more N and P into cells and tetraploids grew more following N-enrichments, suggesting that material costs increase with ploidy-level. Polyploids also generally exhibited strategies that could minimize material-cost-constraints over both long (reduced monoploid GS) and short (more extreme transcriptome downsizing, reduced photosynthesis rates and terpene concentrations, enhanced N-use efficiencies) evolutionary time periods. Furthermore, polyploids had lower transpiration rates but higher water-use-efficiencies than diploids, both of which were more pronounced under nutrient-limiting conditions.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Collectively we found that NP material costs increase with ploidy-level but that material-cost-constraints might be lessened by organismal resource allocation/investment mechanisms that can also alter ecological dynamics and selection. Our results enhance mechanistic understanding of how global increases in nutrients might provide a release from material-cost-constraints in polyploids that could impact ploidy (or GS)-specific performances, cytogeographic patterning, and multispecies community structuring.</p>
A nutrition-defense tradeoff drives diet choice in a toxic plant generalist
<p>Plant toxicity shapes the dietary choices of herbivores. Especially when herbivores sequester plant toxins, they may experience a tradeoff between gaining protection from natural enemies and avoiding toxicity. The availability of toxins for sequestration may additionally trade off with the nutritional quality of a potential food source for sequestering herbivores. We hypothesized that diet mixing might allow a sequestering herbivore to balance nutrition and defense (via sequestration of plant toxins). Accordingly, here we address diet mixing and sequestration of large milkweed bugs (<em>Oncopeltus fasciatus</em>) when they have differential access to toxins (cardenolides) in their diet. In the absence of toxins from a preferred food (milkweed seeds), large milkweed bugs fed on nutritionally adequate non-toxic seeds, but supplemented their diet by feeding on nutritionally poor, but cardenolide-rich milkweed leaf and stem tissues. This dietary shift corresponded to reduced insect growth but facilitated sequestration of defensive toxins. Plant production of cardenolides was also substantially induced by bug feeding on leaf and stem tissues, perhaps benefitting this cardenolide-resistant herbivore. Thus, sequestration appears to drive diet mixing in this toxic plant generalist, even at the cost of feeding on nutritionally poor plant tissue.</p>
Code from: Efficiency traps beyond the climate crisis: Exploration-exploitation tradeoffs and rebound effects
<p>These data are part of a data portal that accompanies the special issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture,' published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B in 2023. To access the data portal, please visit:<strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4">https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4</a>.</strong></p> <p>This code represents a computational model investigating the dynamics of coupled and decoupled resource use and efficiency gains. It can be used to simulate the effects of exploration-exploitation strategies on efficiency, consumption and sustainability, considering different levels of direct and indirect rebound effects. </p> <p>The model simulates a population of agents who make decisions on whether to explore or exploit a natural resource. These agents become more efficient over time based on their chosen strategy, affecting resource consumption. Different scenarios are considered, including various rebound effects, which influence how efficiency gains impact resource use.</p> <p>The key elements of the model include agents' uncertainty about the efficiency of their actions, the operationalization of efficiency as a reward, and the calculation of resource consumption based on efficiency gains and rebound effects. The model provides insights into how agents' decisions and resource use evolve over time under different conditions.</p> <p>This computational framework offers a valuable tool for exploring the complex dynamics of resource consumption and management in the face of environmental challenges. It can be applied to gain a deeper understanding of the Jevons Paradox and its implications for sustainable resource use.</p>
Understanding Activity-Stability Tradeoffs in Biocatalysts by Enzyme Proximity Sequencing
<p>Data and scripts of the manuscript "<strong>Understanding Activity-Stability Tradeoffs in Biocatalysts by Enzyme Proximity Sequencing</strong>" by Rosario Vanella, Christoph Küng, Alexandre A. Schoepfer, Vanni Doffini, Jin Ren and Michael A. Nash.</p>
Making sense of virus size and the tradeoffs shaping viral fitness
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Data from: Genotypic traits and tradeoffs of fast growth in silver birch, a pioneer tree
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Quality-quantity tradeoffs drive functional trait evolution in a model microalgal “climate change winner”
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