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76 results for “Tree mortality”
Data from: Elephant damage, not fire or rainfall, explains mortality of overstorey trees in Serengeti
Generalizations about the drivers of tree demography in tropical savannahs continue to prove difficult because of the complex and dynamic interactions involved, and because multi-year datasets spanning meaningful gradients in potential drivers are lacking. Overstorey trees play disproportionate roles in the long-term dynamics and functioning of savannah ecosystems. Understanding demographic patterns in these trees is complicated by their resprouting ability after being top-killed and few studies have attempted to separate top-kill from true mortality events. We examined the interactive effects of fire frequency, mean annual precipitation and elephant herbivory on overstorey (>2m) tree mortality between 2009 and 2014 across 32 permanent vegetation plots in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. Mean tree mortality over the study period was 0.28 ± 0.02 (0.07 yr−1). Among trees that were top-killed (19.1% of all individuals), 31.2% resprouted. Mortality was driven largely by elephant herbivory, though mortality rates varied considerably across space and tree species. Fire frequency and mean annual rainfall were weak predictors of tree mortality. Over the five year period, chronic elephant herbivory (i.e., repeated through time) was a stronger predictor of tree mortality than maximum elephant herbivory, suggesting that repeated, low-intensity damage from elephants was more important to mortality than acute, but infrequent, damage. Elephants disproportionately damaged certain tree species relative to their availability on the landscape, and the tolerance to damage differed by species as well. Acacia senegal was strongly selected and appeared to have low tolerance to damage when it occurred, resulting in a mortality rate of 0.736 ± 0.052 (0.234 yr−1) over the study period. Topkilling and resprouting rates varied across species, with Acacias generally having low resprout rates. Synthesis. Our study highlights the considerable role that chronic herbivory plays in structuring savannah tree populations, irrespective of prevailing fire and rainfall conditions, and provides important vegetative context to the dramatic recent declines and (in the case of Serengeti) increases in savannah elephant densities in sub-Saharan Africa.
Figs. 10–12 in New Information About the Cypress Weevil,Eudociminus mannerheimii(Boheman, 1836) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae): Redescription, Range Expansion, New Host Records, and Report as a Possible Causative Agent of Tree Mortality
Figs. 10–12. Tree damage by Eudociminus mannerheimii. 10) Exit holes; 11) Larval galleries after bark was removed; 12A–B) Larva in situ.
Figs. 7–9 in New Information About the Cypress Weevil,Eudociminus mannerheimii(Boheman, 1836) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae): Redescription, Range Expansion, New Host Records, and Report as a Possible Causative Agent of Tree Mortality
Figs. 7–9. Eudociminus mannerheimii, immature stages and landscape damage. 7) Larva; 8) Pupa; 9) Landscape damage. "X" indicates the same tree in both photographs; A) View left showing one undamaged tree and three minimally damaged trees, B) View right showing three minimally damaged trees and two dead trees.
Figs. 1–6 in New Information About the Cypress Weevil,Eudociminus mannerheimii(Boheman, 1836) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae): Redescription, Range Expansion, New Host Records, and Report as a Possible Causative Agent of Tree Mortality
Figs. 1–6. Eudociminus mannerheimii, adults, dorsal (A) and lateral (B) habitus. 1) Steel Creek, Newton Co., Arkansas; 2) "Univ. of Ark. Student Coll."; 3–4) Phelps Lake, North Carolina; 5) Holly Springs, Wake Co., North Carolina; 6) Gainesville, Alachua Co., Florida. Photograph by Michael C. Thomas. Used with permission. Not to scale.
Supporting data for climate-driven tree mortality and fuel aridity increase wildfire's potential sensible heat flux
<p><span>Wildfire is capable of rapidly releasing the energy stored in forests, with the amount of water in live and dead biomass acting as a regulator on the amount and rate of energy release. Here we used temperature and fuel moisture data to examine climate-driven changes in fuel moisture content over the past three decades. We then calculated the changes in energy release (energy release component and fire radiant energy) for two forests that experienced drought and bark beetle mortality and were subsequently burned by wildfires. We found that mortality transitioned substantial amounts of biomass from live to dead pools. Coupled with climate-driven decreases in fuel moisture content, this change in fuel availability increased the amount of energy that could be released during wildfire in these forests. Our results demonstrate that climate-driven tree mortality and fuel aridity may be increasing the amount of energy that is released during wildfire.</span></p>
Tree growth response to drought partially explains regional-scale growth and mortality patterns in Iberian forests
<p>To quantify responses to drought from different data sources we take advantage of an extensive network of cross-dated tree-ring data with increment cores from 16 tree species sampled across the Spanish Iberian Peninsula (hereafter abbreviated as RWI-net), and of the Spanish National Forest Inventory (hereafter abbreviated as NFI) sampling tree and plot level data each km in forested areas.</p> <p>We selected the five most severe droughts that have affected each selected RWI-net population in the period 1981-2005 and calculated drought impacts on growth. For each site, we calculated drought-induced cumulative growth reductions (CDI, cumulative drought impact) as the summed impact of the selected droughts on growth of each population. </p> <p>A total of 334 RWI-net sites with chronologies that covered the period 1981-2005 for the 16 species, were finally used. For 192 of these RWI-net sites, 1883 NFI plots were found at distances < 10 km.</p> <p>The tables provided contain information on the sites and tree species in the RWI-net sites, as well as on drought impacts on growth, cummulative growth reductions and NFI growth, ingrowth and mortality.</p>
Data from: Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon
<p>Anthropogenic understory fires have affected large areas of tropical forest in recent decades, particularly during severe droughts. Yet, the mechanisms that control fire-induced mortality of tropical trees and lianas remain ambiguous due to the challenges associated with documenting mortality given variation in fire behavior and forest heterogeneity. In a seasonally dry Amazon forest, we conducted a burn experiment to quantify how increasing understory fires alter patterns of stem mortality. From 2004 to 2007, tree and liana mortality was measured in adjacent 50-ha plots that were intact (B0 – control), burned once (B1), and burned annually for 3 years (B3). After 3 years, cumulative tree and liana mortality (≥1 cm dbh) in the B1 (5.8% yr<sup>−1</sup>) and B3 (7.0% yr<sup>−1</sup>) plots significantly exceeded mortality in the control (3.2% yr<sup>−1</sup>). However, these fire-induced mortality rates are substantially lower than those reported from more humid Amazonian forests. Small stems were highly vulnerable to fire-induced death, contrasting with drought-induced mortality (measured in other studies) that increases with tree size. For example, one low-intensity burn killed >50% of stems <10 cm within a year. Independent of stem size, species-specific mortality rates varied substantially from 0% to 17% yr<sup>−1</sup> in the control, 0% to 26% yr<sup>−1</sup> in B1, and 1% to 23% yr<sup>−1</sup> in B3, with several species displaying high variation in their vulnerability to fire-induced mortality. <em>Protium guianense</em> (Burseraceae) exhibited the highest fire-induced mortality rates in B1 and B3, which were 10- and 9-fold greater than the baseline rate. In contrast, <em>Aspidosperma excelsum</em> (Apocynaceae), appeared relatively unaffected by fire (0.3% to 1.0% mortality yr<sup>−1</sup> across plots), which may be explained by fenestration that protects the inner concave trunk portions from fire. For stems ≥10 cm, both char height (approximating fire intensity) and number of successive burns were significant predictors of fire-induced mortality, whereas only the number of consecutive annual burns was a strong predictor for stems <10 cm. Three years after the initial burn, 62 ± 26 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> (s.e.) of live biomass, predominantly stems <30 cm, was transferred to the dead biomass pool, compared with 8 ± 3 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> in the control. This biomass loss from fire represents ∼30% of this forest's aboveground live biomass (192 (±3) Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>; >1 cm DBH). Although forest transition to savanna has been predicted based on future climate scenarios, our results indicate that wildfires from agricultural expansion pose a more immediate threat to the current carbon stocks in Amazonian forests.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Caudullo G, Barredo JI (2019) A georeferenced dataset of drought and heat-induced tree mortality in Europe. One Ecosystem 4: e37753. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.4.e37753
The dataset contains 293 tree mortality occurrences induced by heat and/or drought in the period 1970—2017. The geographical domain of the dataset covers the EU, Switzerland, Norway and the Balkan countries. Tree mortality occurrences in the dataset were sourced from scientific and peer-reviewed literature as described in the paper. The dataset is georeferenced using latitude and longitude in decimal degrees (World Geodetic System: WGS84).
Data from: A trait-based trade-off between growth and mortality: evidence from 15 tropical tree species using size-specific RGRs
A life-history trade-off between low mortality in the dark and rapid growth in the light is one of the most widely accepted mechanisms underlying plant ecological strategies in tropical forests. Differences in plant functional traits are thought to underlie these distinct ecological strategies; however, very few studies have shown relationships between functional traits and demographic rates within a functional group. We present 8 years of growth and mortality data from saplings of 15 species of Dipterocarpaceae planted into logged-over forest in Malaysian Borneo, and the relationships between these demographic rates and four key functional traits: wood density, specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass, and leaf C:N ratio. Species-specific differences in growth rates were separated from seedling size effects by fitting nonlinear mixed-effects models, to repeated measurements taken on individuals at multiple time points. Mortality data were analyzed using binary logistic regressions in a mixed-effects models framework. Growth increased and mortality decreased with increasing light availability. Species differed in both their growth and mortality rates, yet there was little evidence for a statistical interaction between species and light for either response. There was a positive relationship between growth rate and the predicted probability of mortality regardless of light environment, suggesting that this relationship may be driven by a general trade-off between traits that maximize growth and traits that minimize mortality, rather than through differential species responses to light. Our results indicate that wood density is an important trait that indicates both the ability of species to grow and resistance to mortality, but no other trait was correlated with either growth or mortality. Therefore, the growth mortality trade-off among species of dipterocarp appears to be general in being independent of species crossovers in performance in different light environments.
Data from: Patterns of tree mortality in a temperate deciduous forest derived from a large forest dynamics plot
Tree mortality is one of the most influential drivers of forest dynamics, and characterizing patterns of tree mortality is critical to understanding forest dynamics and ecosystem function in the present era of global change. Here, we use a unique data set of mortality in a temperate deciduous forest to characterize rates and drivers of mortality. At the 25.6-ha Center for Tropical Forest Science—Forest Global Earth Observatory forest dynamics plot at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (Virginia, USA), we conducted two full tree censuses in 2008 and 2013 and then tracked mortality over the next 2 years (2014 and 2015). Overall, the mortality rate, m, of stems ≥10 cm diameter was 1.3–2.1%/yr. Biomass mortality, M, was 1.9–3.4 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 at the stand level (0.6–1.1%/yr of biomass), less than biomass gains from growth and recruitment, resulting in net live biomass accumulation. Small stems died at the highest rate; however, contributions to M increased toward larger size classes. Most species had m < 2%/yr and M < 0.25 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 (<3%/yr of biomass), whereas two to four species had anomalously high mortality rates during each census period, accounting for 15–24% of m (n = 2, Cercis canadensis, Ulmus species) and 39–75% of M (n = 4 Quercus species). Stems that died, whether or not in association with mechanical damage, tended to grow more slowly in preceding years than surviving stems and, for certain shade-intolerant species, tended to be in neighborhoods with higher basal area. These findings show how relatively fine-scale mortality processes contribute to stand-level compositional change and carbon cycling. The mortality patterns reported here will provide a valuable basis for understanding future disturbance events within eastern deciduous forests and for comparing across forest types.
Annual mortality and growth index for 17 tree species across entire size classes in the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest, central Japan
<p><span>We estimated demographic parameters across entire size classes for 17 tree species (<i>Betula</i>, <i>Carpinus</i>, <i>Fagus</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Acer</i>, <i>Cerasus</i>, <i>Swida</i>, <i>Kalopanax</i>, and <i>Styrax</i>) using a dataset over 18 years obtained from the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest located in the southern part of the Abukuma Mountains, Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan (36° 56', 140° 35', 610 m in elevation)<sup> 1)</sup>. Size classes were represented by 12 categories defined based on age, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH): new seedling (age < 1), aged seedling (age ≥ 1 and height < 30 cm), sapling (height 30 cm to 2 m), juvenile (height ≥ 2 m and DBH < 5 cm), D10 (DBH 5–15 cm, D10 was denoted by the midpoint of this range; later classes were similarly defined), D20, D30, D40, D50, D60, D70, and D80 (including trees with DBH ≥ 85 cm). We derived the annual mortality and growth index (i.e., the probability of a living tree transitioning to the next size class) for each species and size class using estimates of transition probabilities between size classes (i.e., stasis, progression and retrogression)<sup>2)</sup>. The stem densities of these 17 species in each size class are also presented<sup>3)</sup>.</span></p> <p><span>File list</span></p> <p><span>1) dataset - number of trees stagnating, progressing and retrogressing by size class.csv</span></p> <p><span>2) estimates - mean and 95 percent credible intervals of demographic parameters by species and size class.csv</span></p> <p><span>3) estimates - mean density of stems by species and size class.csv</span></p>
Large tree mortality census KNP (2006-2018)
<p><span>Fire and elephant herbivory are major drivers of large tree mortality in savanna ecosystems. While the spatial variation of these agents is well-studied, less attention has been paid to how disturbance history influences mortality risk for trees over time. In a long-term cohort study, we examined how the sequence of fire- and elephant-induced damage influences mortality of trees, and determined whether risk of mortality is compounded with time. Data on over 2500 large trees were collected from 22 transects in Kruger National Park, South Africa, in 2006, and trees were re-sampled in 2008, 2011, 2015, and 2018. Over the twelve year period, we recorded a cumulative death toll of 47.6% with an estimated annual mortality rate of 3-5% between 2006 and 2015, and a sharp increase to 8.8% in 2018. The main attributed agent of tree mortality was elephant damage, occurring either once or across multiple census periods. A classification tree (CT) analysis partitioned over different census periods showed that the probability of mortality for the ten most common species depended not only on the type and intensity of fire and elephant-induced damage, but also on the historical sequence of damage by these agents. In fact, elephant damage to the main stem incurred even up to 12 years earlier increases risk of mortality for large trees, especially in combination with fire damage. As expected, vulnerability to damage and risk of mortality varied between species, resulting in the potential for long-term changes in species composition at the landscape scale. Overall, this study highlights how multiple interacting agents cause emergent and lagging patterns of mortality risk for large trees in savanna ecosystems; a result that only becomes apparent through fine-scale long-term tracking of cohorts.</span></p>
Model outputs and species-level data for "Functional traits and climate drive interspecific differences in disturbance-induced tree mortality".V2
<p>A minor coding error was found in the pre-formatted data of <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16630">Barrere et al. (2023)</a>. This error did not affect the main results of the paper, but led to minor change in the value of the posterior estimates, stored in data/sensitivity/jags_dominance.Rdata. This repository contains the new version of the parameters. </p>
Data from: Towards a common methodology for developing logistic tree mortality models based on ring-width data
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Large tree mortality census KNP (2006-2018)
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Data from: Interaction between extreme weather events and mega‐dams increases tree mortality and alters functional status of Amazonian forests
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Predicting tropical tree mortality with leaf spectroscopy
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Annual mortality and growth index for 17 tree species across entire size classes in the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest, central Japan
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The magnitude of large-scale tree mortality caused by the invasive pathogen Phytophthora ramorum
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Data from: A trait-based trade-off between growth and mortality: evidence from 15 tropical tree species using size-specific RGRs
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