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FIGURE 1 in Cladotanytarsus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae): several distinctive species reviewed on the basis of records from Canada and USA

FIGURE 1. Cladotanytarsus acornutus Jacobsen et Bilyj, 2007, male. A, B—hypopygium in dorsal (A) and ventral aspect (B); C—anal point (variation); D—superior volsella and digitus (variation); E—median volsella and its stem (variation); F— inferior volsella, typical structure (D—magnified ca. 2 times relative to A; E, F—magnified ca. 3 times relative to A).

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FIGURE 3 in Cladotanytarsus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae): several distinctive species reviewed on the basis of records from Canada and USA

FIGURE 3. Cladotanytarsus bilyji Giłka et Puchalski, sp. nov., male. A, B—hypopygium in dorsal (A) and ventral aspect (B) (holotype); C—anal point (variation, paratype); D—superior volsella and digitus (variation); E—median volsella (holotype); F—inferior volsella (paratype) (D—magnified ca. 2 times relative to A; E, F—magnified ca. 3 times relative to A).

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FIGURE 5 in Cladotanytarsus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae): several distinctive species reviewed on the basis of records from Canada and USA

FIGURE 5. Cladotanytarsus conversus (Johannsen, 1932) (A, B) and C. nigrovittatus (Goetghebuer, 1922) (C, D), male. Hypopygium in dorsal (A, C) and ventral aspect (B, D).

Figure 4 in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 4. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). A, skull roof in internal view. Scale bar: 10 cm. B, parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 9. A in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 9. A, strict consensus tree based on 98 characters and 23 taxa derived from PAUP* (consensus tree length, TL = 246; consistency index, CI = 0.498; retention index, RI = 0.502; and Rohlf's CI = 0.708; consensus based on six trees, TL = 237, CI = 0.498, and RI = 0.537). B, strict consensus tree based on 98 characters and 22 taxa (excluding Kiangyousteus yohii, consensus TL = 237, CI = 0.498, RI = 0.535, and Rohlf's CI = 0.993; consensus based on three trees, TL = 237, CI = 0.498, and RI = 0.535). Named nodes: node 1, Brachythoraci; node 4, Eubrachythoraci; node 5, Pachyosteomorphi; node 6, Coccosteomorphi; node 8, Aspinothoracidi; node 9, Dunkleosteus; node 10, Panxiosteidae; node 11, Dunkleosteidae; node 12, Dunkleosteoidea; and node 13, Dinichthyidae. *Character scores for Homostius compiled for the Baltic species sensu Heintz, 1934. **Scores based on Camuropiscis concinnus and Camuropiscis laidlawi.

Figure 2. Regional geography and stratigraphic relationships. A in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 2. Regional geography and stratigraphic relationships. A, geography and depositional basins for the USA mid-continent (modified from Elliott et al., 2000). Fossil localities: 1, Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (northern Ohio); 2, Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus sp. nov. (Kettle Point, Ontario); 3, Dinichthys herzeri (western Ohio). Structural features (thick dashed lines): a, Algonquin Arch; c, Cincinnati Arch; f, Findlay Arch. State boundaries, dot double-dash lines; Canadian boundary, dotted lines. Concentric lines of basinal deposition, thin dashed lines. Great Lakes (grey). B, generalized stratigraphic columns for the Appalachian and Michigan basins. Modified and updated from Elliott et al. (2000). A Famennian age for the entire Ohio Shale Formation is based on Over & Rhodes (2000). The presence of the Chagrin Shale Member in central Ohio is based on subsurface g-ray profiles (Walker & Babcock, 1999). Fossil localities as in A. Hiatuses in grey. O.b. = Olmsted bed in the Cleveland Shale Member.

Figure 8 in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 8. Dorsal view of a generalized eubrachythoracid arthrodire skull roof, presented as a flattened image. The measurements (a, b, and c) used in the length ratios (r1 and r2) of characters 92 and 93 are indicated: r1 (character 92) = b/c; r2 (character 93) = a/c. Not drawn to scale.

Figure 1. Dinichthys herzeri. A, AMNH 81 in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 1. Dinichthys herzeri. A, AMNH 81 (holotype), incomplete nuchal plate in internal view. B, AMNH 73 (paratype), left inferognathal plate in lateral view. C, AMNH 34, left anterior superognathal in lateral view. D, AMNH 33, right posterior superognathal in lateral view. Reconstruction of six denticles in the posterior tooth row based on CMNH 7257. Drawings reproduced from Hlavin, 1976. Scale bars equal 3 cm.

Figure 3 in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 3. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Reconstruction and skull roof, former based on a photograph tracing in dorsal view (A, C) and right lateral (B, D) views. Plate boundaries are difficult to discern as a result of poor preservation. Solid lines indicate clear boundaries. Dashed lines indicate dubious boundaries. Sensory line grooves are indicated by dotted lines. Scale bar: 10 cm.

Figure 7 in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 7. Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus sp. nov. (UM 101105). Parasphenoid in ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 6 in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 6. Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus sp. nov. (UM 101105). A, B, nuchal and paranuchal plates, and reconstruction, in internal view. C, external reconstruction. Dotted lines indicate incomplete edges; dashed lines indicate the reconstruction of the posterolateral corner of the nuchal plate. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 5 in Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)

Figure 5. Dunkleosteus raveri sp. nov. (MCZ 13277). Dermal ornamentation on postorbital plate. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. C. l. latrans Say, 1823 — S Canada and USA (Great Plains region). C. l. cagottis Hamilton-Smith, 1839 — SE Mexico. C. l. clepticus Elliot, 1903 — Mexico (N Baja California) and USA (S California). C. I. dickeyi Nelson, 1932 — Costa Rica, El Salvador, W Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. C. I. frustror Woodhouse, 1850 — USA (Missouri, Kansas, parts of Oklahoma & E Texas). C. I. goldmani Merriam, 1904 — Belize, Guatemala, and S Mexico. C. I. hondurensis Goldman, 1936 — E Honduras. impavidusJ. A. Allen, 1903 — W Mexico. ~ NDOD = incolatus Hall, 1934 — Alaska and NW Canada. jamest Townsend, 1912 — Mexico (Tiburon I, Baja California). lestes Merriam, 1897 — SW Canada and W USA (Intermountain Region & NW). mearnsi Merriam, 1897 — NW Mexico and SW USA. OOOO microdon Merriam, 1897 — NE Mexico and S USA (S Texas). ochropus Eschscholtz, 1829 — W USA (W coast). peninsulae Merriam, 1897 — Mexico (S Baja California). texensis Bailey, 1905 — S USA (W Texas & New Mexico). thamnosJackson, 1949 — N-C Canada and E USA. umpquensisJackson, 1949 — USA (NW coast). vigilis Merriam, 1897 — SW Mexico. ~~ Coyotes did not originally occur on the USA E coast or Florida. They (probably thamnos) have expanded into the area with the clearing of forests and been introduced to Florida and Georgia (subspecies unknown). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. l. latrans Say, 1823 — S Canada and USA (Great Plains region). C. l. cagottis Hamilton-Smith, 1839 — SE Mexico. C. l. clepticus Elliot, 1903 — Mexico (N Baja California) and USA (S California). C. I. dickeyi Nelson, 1932 — Costa Rica, El Salvador, W Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. C. I. frustror Woodhouse, 1850 — USA (Missouri, Kansas, parts of Oklahoma & E Texas). C. I. goldmani Merriam, 1904 — Belize, Guatemala, and S Mexico. C. I. hondurensis Goldman, 1936 — E Honduras. impavidusJ. A. Allen, 1903 — W Mexico. ~ NDOD = incolatus Hall, 1934 — Alaska and NW Canada. jamest Townsend, 1912 — Mexico (Tiburon I, Baja California). lestes Merriam, 1897 — SW Canada and W USA (Intermountain Region & NW). mearnsi Merriam, 1897 — NW Mexico and SW USA. OOOO microdon Merriam, 1897 — NE Mexico and S USA (S Texas). ochropus Eschscholtz, 1829 — W USA (W coast). peninsulae Merriam, 1897 — Mexico (S Baja California). texensis Bailey, 1905 — S USA (W Texas & New Mexico). thamnosJackson, 1949 — N-C Canada and E USA. umpquensisJackson, 1949 — USA (NW coast). vigilis Merriam, 1897 — SW Mexico. ~~ Coyotes did not originally occur on the USA E coast or Florida. They (probably thamnos) have expanded into the area with the clearing of forests and been introduced to Florida and Georgia (subspecies unknown).

Subspecies and Distribution.. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 — Asia, Europe. ON SSNS. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. 0. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. SS O 0. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). OO. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. SNS 0. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. SN O. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. 0 NN OOOO. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. SNS. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA.. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. ~ = C. I. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution.. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 — Asia, Europe. ON SSNS. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. 0. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. SS O 0. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). OO. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. SNS 0. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. SN O. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. 0 NN OOOO. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. SNS. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA.. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. ~ = C. I. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. mephitis Schreber, 1776 — E Canada. M. m. avia Bangs, 1898 — Midwestern USA (Most of Illinois, N half of Missouri & E half of Kansas). M. m. elongata Bangs, 1895 — E & SE USA (Virginia S to E Georgia, Florida, S Alabama & Mississippi). M. m. estor Merriam, 1890 — W USA (S Utah through Arizona and W New Mexico) to N Mexico (Sonora & Chihuahua). M. m. holzerni Mearns, 1897 — SW USA (S California). M. m. hudsonica Richardson, 1829 — C & W Canada and NC USA (from NE Washington to Wisconsin and S into Colorado). M. m. major Howell, 1901 — NW USA (N Nevada & Utah to Oregon & Idaho). M. m. mesomelas Lichtenstein, 1832 — S USA (W Texas & Oklahoma to Arkansas & Louisiana). M. m. nigra Peale & Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 — SE Canada (New Brunswick & Nova Scotia) and E USA (from New England to Ohio & Indiana and S to Mississippi & Alabama. M. m. notata Howell, 1901 — NW USA (C Washington). M. m. occidentalis Baird, 1858 — W USA (N California to SW Oregon). M. m. spissigrada Bangs, 1898 — NW USA (W Washington). M. m. varians Gray, 1837 — S Great Plains USA (E New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma & Kansas) S to NW Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas). in Mephitidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. mephitis Schreber, 1776 — E Canada. M. m. avia Bangs, 1898 — Midwestern USA (Most of Illinois, N half of Missouri & E half of Kansas). M. m. elongata Bangs, 1895 — E & SE USA (Virginia S to E Georgia, Florida, S Alabama & Mississippi). M. m. estor Merriam, 1890 — W USA (S Utah through Arizona and W New Mexico) to N Mexico (Sonora & Chihuahua). M. m. holzerni Mearns, 1897 — SW USA (S California). M. m. hudsonica Richardson, 1829 — C & W Canada and NC USA (from NE Washington to Wisconsin and S into Colorado). M. m. major Howell, 1901 — NW USA (N Nevada & Utah to Oregon & Idaho). M. m. mesomelas Lichtenstein, 1832 — S USA (W Texas & Oklahoma to Arkansas & Louisiana). M. m. nigra Peale & Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 — SE Canada (New Brunswick & Nova Scotia) and E USA (from New England to Ohio & Indiana and S to Mississippi & Alabama. M. m. notata Howell, 1901 — NW USA (C Washington). M. m. occidentalis Baird, 1858 — W USA (N California to SW Oregon). M. m. spissigrada Bangs, 1898 — NW USA (W Washington). M. m. varians Gray, 1837 — S Great Plains USA (E New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma & Kansas) S to NW Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas).

Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada). in Mephitidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada).

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Canada, USA (Alaska), Greenland, Norway (Svalbard), Russia. Have been sighted within 0-5° of North Pole. in Ursidae

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Canada, USA (Alaska), Greenland, Norway (Svalbard), Russia. Have been sighted within 0-5° of North Pole.

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. in Ursidae

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. americanus Pallas, 1780 — Alaska to E Canada and E USA. U. a. altifrontalis Elliot, 1903 — Pacific coast USA and Canada (S British Columbia). U. a. amblyceps Baird, 1859 — SW USA. U. a. californiensisJ. Miller, 1900 — SW USA (interior California). U. a. carlottae Osgood, 1901 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is). U. a. cinnamomum Audubon & Bachman, 1854 — Rocky Mts of Canada and USA. U. a. emmonsu Dall, 1895 — SE Alaska. U. a. eremicus Merriam, 1904 — E Mexico. U. a. floridanus Merriam, 1896 — SE USA (Florida). U. a. hamilton: Cameron, 1957 — E Canada (Newfoundland). U. a. kermodei Hornaday, 1905 — W Canada (coastal British Columbia). U. a. luteolus Griffith, 1821 — S USA (Louisiana). U. a. machetes Elliot, 1903 — W Mexico. U. a. pernigerJ. A. Allen, 1910 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). U. a. pugnax Swarth, 1911 — islands of SE Alaska. U. a. vancouver: Hall, 1928 — SW Canada (Vancouver I). in Ursidae

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. americanus Pallas, 1780 — Alaska to E Canada and E USA. U. a. altifrontalis Elliot, 1903 — Pacific coast USA and Canada (S British Columbia). U. a. amblyceps Baird, 1859 — SW USA. U. a. californiensisJ. Miller, 1900 — SW USA (interior California). U. a. carlottae Osgood, 1901 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is). U. a. cinnamomum Audubon & Bachman, 1854 — Rocky Mts of Canada and USA. U. a. emmonsu Dall, 1895 — SE Alaska. U. a. eremicus Merriam, 1904 — E Mexico. U. a. floridanus Merriam, 1896 — SE USA (Florida). U. a. hamilton: Cameron, 1957 — E Canada (Newfoundland). U. a. kermodei Hornaday, 1905 — W Canada (coastal British Columbia). U. a. luteolus Griffith, 1821 — S USA (Louisiana). U. a. machetes Elliot, 1903 — W Mexico. U. a. pernigerJ. A. Allen, 1910 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). U. a. pugnax Swarth, 1911 — islands of SE Alaska. U. a. vancouver: Hall, 1928 — SW Canada (Vancouver I).