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Figure 6 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 6. Median-joining network obtained from IRBP haplotypes of Anatolian, Asian and European populations of M. arvalis. Number of mutations are shown by black lines on the branches.

Figure 5 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 5. Bayesian tree obtained from COXI sequences based on HKY + I parameter (Hasegawa et al., 1985). Numbers on branches show posterior probability (pb) values above 50%.

Figure 4 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 4. Median-joining network obtained from COXI haplotypes of Anatolian, Asian and European populations of M. arvalis. Number of mutations are shown by black lines on the branches.

Figure S3 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure S3. ABGD results of IRBP gene region. The histogram shows distribution of genetic distances among M. arvalis samples; yellow columns show mean intralineage distances and red columns show interlineage distances. The diagram implies the lineages according to initial partitions = Group 1 (n: 28): Anatolia, Serbia, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula; Group 2 (n: 1): one sample from Anatolia.

Figure 3 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 3. Bayesian tree obtained from CYTB sequences based on HKY+I+G parameter (Hasegawa et al., 1985). Numbers on branches show posterior probability (pb) values above 50%.

Figure 1. Figure 1 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 1. Figure 1. Location map of AUMAC samples and GenBank Sequences (modified from Yiğit et al. 20161). Black line is the border of arvalis and obscurus forms; dotted lines show possible hybridization zone of the two forms. Western Europe (1: Orkney Island, 2: Spain, 3: France, 4: Belgium), Central Europe (5: Germany, 6: Switzerland, 7: Czech Republic), Eastern Europe (8: Austria, 9: Slovenia, 10: Bosnia, 11: Montenegro, 12: Serbia, 13: Hungary, 14: Poland, 15: Ukraine, 16: European Russia/Vladimir, 17: European Russia/ Arkhangelsk Oblast) groups are 'arvalis' form. Anatolia and its surroundings (18: Anatolia/Ardahan, Kars and Erzurum provinces, 19: Iran, 20: Armenia) and Asia (21: Russia/Orenburg Oblast, 22: Russia/ Chelyabinsk Oblast, 23: China/Xinjiang, 24: Siberia) belong to 'obscurus' form.

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Figure 2 in Inbreeding tolerance in two isolated populations of Harting's vole Microtus hartingi (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)

Figure 2. Odour choice between kin vs. nonkin individuals of the opposite sex in Microtus hartingi populations (%), regarding duration of approaches to odour samples in seconds. Females A) and males B) at the age of 35–40 days; females C) and males D) — at the age of 53–58 days.

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Figure 1 in Inbreeding tolerance in two isolated populations of Harting's vole Microtus hartingi (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)

Figure 1. Differences in female aggressive behaviour with deadly outcome in polygynous groups in two populations of M. hartingi voles: O-groups (60–70 days of age), Y-groups (49–52 days of age) and control pairs. CAP analogous groups compared to RP; O-groups and Y-groups compared to each other and to control within populations; sisters compared to nonkin in all groups, by Fisher's exact test

Fig. 1. A in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 1. A. General situation of the Atapuerca localities in the Iberian Peninsula. B. A map depitcing the main karstic system of the Atapuerca Hill, and the main two sets of localities: the Trinchera del Ferrocarril or La Trinchera localities, where the Sima del Elefante belongs; and the Cueva Mayor−Sima de los Huesos system. Note that Sima del Elefante could be an ancient opening to the Cueva Mayor−Galería Baja karstic tunnel.

Fig. 10 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 10. Cladogram of fossil and extant arvicoline species related with Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from the Lower Pleistocene, Sima del Elefante levels TE9–TE13. The cladistic analysis has been performed using PAST; to find the shortest tree we use the branch and bound algorithm and the Fitch character optimisation criteria, and 1000 bootstrap replicates (Hammer et al. 2001). The number of Most Parsimonious Tree is one, the tree length 22, the Consistency Index 0.7273, and the Retention Index 0.6. The Bremer support or Decay Index has not been analysed.

Fig. 5 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 5. Occlusal view of the right mandible with m1, m2, m3 of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE 13. Holotype (ATA04 TE13 H31 1150−1160, MPZ 2008/380).

Fig. 2 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 2. Geologic profile and lithostratigraphic units (TE7 to TE21) of the cave deposits of the Sima del Elefante locality, in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of Sierra de Atapuerca Hill. Below the trench (Trinchera) level there are nearly 6 m of unearthed sediments, though levels TE8 and TE7 were sampled in the north trench perforation during the field campaign of 1996. The floor of the cave was identified by the presence of a 40−cm thick limestone layer in the north drill. Underneath the limestone layer, a distinct set of sediments was found, which was interpreted to represent the infill of a cavity from a lower karst floor. Two strata have been distinguished: the uppermost, composed of clay, small clasts (1–2 cm), and manganese oxide; the lowermost, with rounded quartzite pebbles, is interpreted as part of a terrace of the Arlanzón River left into the cave. Modified from Huguet Pàmies 2007.

Fig. 7 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 7. Occlusal views (except some root or basal views) of isolated teeth of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE9. A. Right m1 (TE9 1 1997 MPZ 2008/343). B. Left m1 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/344). C. Left m1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/372). D. Right lower m2 (tooth in mandible with the m1 of A) E. Left lower m2 (tooth in mandible with the m1 of B). F. Right lower m3 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/345). G. Left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/374) H. Left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/376). I. Root view of left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/375). J. Left M2 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/377). K. Root view of right M3 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/346). L. Detail of the incipient root development in the M3 in K. M. Left M3 (TE9 1 1997 MPZ 2008/342). Abbreviations: L, total length; W, total width; P, posterior length; 2,3, triangles 2,3. The arrow in L shows the thicker enamel and the closening of the crown in basal view.

Fig. 3 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 3. Synthetic column showing the lithostratigraphic units of the north section of the Sima del Elefante site, labelled TE (levels TE7 to TE19). Levels that correspond to the Lower Red Unit, TE−LRU are TE7 to TE14. Units TE20 to TE22 do not outcrop here, but in the southern section (see Fig. 2). Black arrow points to level TE9 from which the recently discovered human remains were retrieved, and where the burial dating, based on the radioactive decay of cosmogenics, has been calculated (Carbonell et al. 2008). The small arvicoline mandible points to the level (TE13) where the holotype of Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. was found. The figure has been modified from Carbonell et al. (2008).

Fig. 6 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 6. Medial view of the right mandible with i1, m1, m2, m3 of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE 13. Holotype (ATA04 TE13 H31 1150−1160, MPZ 2008/380). The photograph was made during the field campaign of 2005 by Javier Trueba.

Fig. 4 in Analysis on infestation and related ecology of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (Eothenomys miletus) in five provincial regions of Southwest China

Fig. 4. The species abundance distribution of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (E. miletus) fitted by Preston's lognormal distribution model with the ̂– [0.27(R– 2)] 2 theoretical equation of S(R) = 34e.

Fig. 2 in Analysis on infestation and related ecology of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (Eothenomys miletus) in five provincial regions of Southwest China

Fig. 2. Niche breaths of the 18 main chigger species on large Chinese voles (E. miletus) along the combined environment series (multidimensional environment series) in the five provincial regions of Southwest China (2001–2019).

Fig. 1 in Analysis on infestation and related ecology of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (Eothenomys miletus) in five provincial regions of Southwest China

Fig. 1. Investigation sites (n = 91) in the five provincial regions of Southwest China between 2001 and 2019 (The sites marked "▴" were newly increased sites after 2013 and those marked "*" were the sites where large Chinese voles, E. miletus, were captured. The name abbreviations of the investigation sites were shown in "Appendix").

Fig. 3 in Analysis on infestation and related ecology of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (Eothenomys miletus) in five provincial regions of Southwest China

Fig. 3. The dendrogram of niche overlaps of the 18 main chigger species on large Chinese voles (E. miletus) along the combined environment series (multidimensional environment series) in the five provincial regions of Southwest China (2001–2019).