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111 results for “acorns”
Data from: Acorn woodpeckers vocally discriminate current and former group members from non-group members
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Data from: Macro-to-nanoscale investigation of wall-plate joints in the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides: correlative imaging, biological form and function, and bioinspiration
Correlative imaging combines information from multiple modalities (physical–chemical–mechanical properties) at various length scales (centimetre to nanometre) to understand the complex biological materials across dimensions (2D–3D). Here, we have used numerous coupled systems: X-ray microscopy (XRM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), optical light microscopy (LM) and focused ion beam (FIB-SEM) microscopy to ascertain the microstructural and crystallographic properties of the wall-plate joints in the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The exoskeleton is composed of six interlocking wall plates, and the interlocks between neighbouring plates (alae) allow barnacles to expand and grow while remaining sealed and structurally strong. Our results indicate that the ala contain functionally graded orientations and microstructures in their crystallography, which has implications for naturally functioning microstructures, potential natural strengthening and preferred oriented biomineralization. Elongated grains at the outer edge of the ala are oriented perpendicularly to the contact surface, and the c-axis rotates with the radius of the ala. Additionally, we identify for the first time three-dimensional nanoscale ala pore networks revealing that the pores are only visible at the tip of the ala and that pore thickening occurs on the inside (soft bodied) edge of the plates. The pore networks appear to have the same orientation as the oriented crystallography, and we deduce that the pore networks are probably organic channels and pockets, which are involved with the biomineralization process. Understanding these multiscale features contributes towards an understanding of the structural architecture in barnacles, but also their consideration for bioinspiration of human-made materials. The work demonstrates that correlative methods spanning different length scales, dimensions and modes enable the extension of the structure–property relationships in materials to form and function of organisms.
Urban / rural acorn ant metabolic rate and running speed
<p>Metabolic rates of ectotherms are expected to increase with global trends of climatic warming. But the potential for rapid, compensatory evolution of lower metabolic rate in response to rising temperatures is only starting to be explored. Here, we explored rapid evolution of metabolic rate and locomotor performance in acorn-dwelling ants (<i>Temnothorax curvispinosus</i>) in response to urban heat island effects. We reared ant colonies within a laboratory common garden (25 °C) to generate a lab-born cohort of workers and tested their acute plastic responses to temperature. Contrary to expectations, urban ants exhibited a higher metabolic rate compared with rural ants when tested at 25 °C, suggesting a potentially maladaptive evolutionary response to urbanization. Urban and rural ants had similar metabolic rates when tested at 38 °C, as a consequence of a diminished plastic response of the urban ants. Locomotor performance also evolved such that the running speed of urban ants was faster than rural ants under warmer test temperatures (32 and 42 °C) but slower under a cooler test temperature (22 °C). The resulting specialist-generalist tradeoff and higher thermal optimum for locomotor performance might compensate for evolved increases in metabolic rate by allowing workers to more quickly scout and retrieve resources.</p>
Are you my baby? Testing whether paternity affects behavior of cobreeder male acorn woodpeckers
<p>Natural selection is expected to favor males that invest more in offspring they sire. We investigated the relationship between paternity and male behavior in the acorn woodpecker (<i>Melanerpes formicivorus</i>), cooperative breeders that live in family groups including offspring that remain on their natal territory, sometimes for years, and cobreeders of both sexes. Regardless of group composition, only one communal nest is attended at a time. Whereas cobreeding females share maternity equally, one male often sires the majority of young in the group's communal nest. Copulations are rarely observed, and thus it has not been possible to link paternity to sexual behavior. There were no differences among cobreeder males that did or did not sire young in their propensity to roost in the nest cavity at night. However, cobreeder males that attended females continuously prior to egg-laying were more likely to successfully sire young than males that did not, and the relative share of feeding visits and time spent at the subsequent nest were positively related to a male's realized paternity. These differences in male behavior were partly due to differences among males and partly to plasticity in male behavior covarying with paternity share. Feedings by males successfully siring young also involved a larger proportion of nutritionally valuable insect prey. Males are aware of their paternity success, apparently because of their relative access to females prior to egg-laying, and provide more paternal behavior at nests in which they are more likely to have sired young.</p>
Data from: Variable helper effects, ecological conditions, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker
The ecological conditions leading to delayed dispersal and helping behavior are generally thought to follow one of two contrasting scenarios: that conditions are stable and predictable resulting in young being ecologically forced to remain as helpers (extrinsic constraints and the "habitat saturation" hypothesis), or that conditions are highly variable and unpredictable leading to the need for helpers to raise young, at least when conditions are poor (intrinsic constraints and the "hard life" hypothesis). We investigated how variability in ecological conditions influences the degree to which helpers augment breeder fitness in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), a species in which the acorn crop, territory quality, and prior breeding experience all vary in ways that have important effects on fitness. We found that the relationship between ecological conditions and the probability that birds would remain as helpers was variable, but that helpers generally yielded greater fitness benefits when ecological conditions were favorable, rather than unfavorable, for breeding. These results affirm the importance of extrinsic constraints to delayed dispersal and cooperative breeding in this species, despite this species' dependence on a highly variable and unpredictable acorn crop. Our findings also confirm that helpers can have very different fitness effects depending on conditions, but that those effects are not necessarily greater when breeding conditions are unfavorable.
Data from: The interplay among acorn abundance and rodent behavior drives the spatial pattern of seedling recruitment in mature Mediterranean oak forests
The patterns of seedling recruitment in animal-dispersed plants result from the interactions among environmental and behavioral variables. However, we know little on the contribution and combined effect of both kinds of variables. We designed a field study to assess the interplay between environment (vegetation structure, seed abundance, rodent abundance) and behavior (seed dispersal and predation by rodents, and rooting by wild boars), and their contribution to the spatial patterns of seedling recruitment in a Mediterranean mixed-oak forest. In a spatially explicit design, we monitored intensively all environmental and behavioral variables in fixed points at a small spatial scale from autumn to spring, as well as seedling emergence and survival. Our results revealed that the spatial patterns of seedling emergence were strongly related to acorn availability on the ground, but not by a facilitationeffect of vegetation cover. Rodents changed seed shadows generated by mother trees by dispersing most seeds from shrubby to open areas, but the spatial patterns of acorn dispersal/predation had no direct effect on recruitment. By contrast, rodents had a strong impact on recruitment as pilferers of cached seeds. Rooting by wild boars also reduced recruitment by reducing seed abundance, but also by changing rodent's behavior towards higher consumption of acorns in situ. Hence, seed abundance and the foraging behavior of scatter-hoarding rodents and wild boars are driving the spatial patterns of seedling recruitment in this mature oak forest, rather than vegetation features. The contribution of vegetation to seedling recruitment (e.g. facilitation by shrubs) may be context dependent, having a little role in closed forests, or being overridden by directed seed dispersal from shrubby to open areas. We warn about the need of using broad approaches that consider the combined action of environment and behavior to improve our knowledge on the dynamics of natural regeneration in forests.
FIGURE 6 in Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters
FIGURE 6. Tetraclita rufotincta. (from South Yemen). Scanning electron micrographs showing (A) cirrus I; (B) cirrus II; (C) cirrus III; (D–F) serrulate setae; (G) plumose setae; (H) blade shaped serrulate setae; (I) bidentate serrate setae; (J) serrulate setae; (K) cirrus IV; (L) serrulate setae of cirrus IV; (M) simple setae found on cirri I–IV. Scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 5 in Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters
FIGURE 5. Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (from Cape Diego, Madagascar). Scanning Electron Micrographs showing (A) labrum; (B) teeth on labrum; (C) serrulate setae found on posterior surface of labrum; (D) mandible; (E) lower angle of mandible; (F) serrulate setae on mandible surface; (G) maxilla; (H) serrulate setae on maxilla; (I) maxillule; (J) serrulate setae on maxillule; (K) mandibulatory palp; (L) serrulate setae on mandibulatory palp. Scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 4 in Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters
FIGURE 4. Tetraclita reni. nom. nov. (from Cape Diego, Madagascar) Scanning Electron Micrographs showing (A) cirrus I; (B) cirrus II; (C) cirrus III; (D–F) serrulate setae; (G) plumose setae; (H) blade shaped serrulate setae; (I) multicuspidate setae; (J, K) serrulate setae; (L) bidentate serrate setae; (M) cirrus IV; (N) simple setae; (O) serrulate setae found on cirri I–IV. Scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 3 in Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters
FIGURE 3. Tetraclita reni nom. nov. Stereomicroscope drawing of (A) cirrus I, (B) cirrus II, (C) cirrus III. Tetraclita rufotincta, (D) cirrus I, (E) cirrus II, (F) cirrus III. ex – exopodite. en – endopodite. Scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 2 in Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters
FIGURE 2. (A) Scutum and tergum of Tetraclita reni nom. nov. from Connoniers Point, Mauritius, and Fort Dalphin, Madagascar, and redrawing of type specimen of Ren (1989), collected from Sainte Luce, Madagascar. All opercular plates and type illustration in (A) share same scale bar; (B) scutum and tergum of Tetraclita rufotincta from South Yemen, Kenya and Aldabra. (A) and (B) white arrows indicate the morphological differences of the basi-scutual angle (ba) and the sharpness of the spur (sp) between T. reni nom. nov. and T. rufotincta; (C) bidentate serrate setae of T. rufotincta (from South Yemen) observed under light microscopy; (D) multicuspidate setae of T. reni nom. nov. (from Mauritius) observed under light microscopy. (C) and (D) shared the same scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 7 in Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters
FIGURE 7. Tetraclita rufotincta. (from South Yemen). (A) labrum; (B) teeth on labrum; (C) serrulate setae found on posterior surface of labrum; (D) mandible; (E) lower angle of mandible; (F) serrulate setae on mandible surface; (G) mandibulatory palp; (H) serrulate setae on mandibulatory palp; (I) maxillule; (J) serrulate setae on maxillule; (K) maxilla; (L) serrulate setae on maxilla. Scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 1 in Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters
FIGURE 1. Collection sites of samples examined. Closed black circles indicate sites where T. reni nom. nov. were identified. Open circles indicate the sites where T. rufotincta were identified. Yemen is shown in the insert map due to its farther location. Arrows indicate the oceanographic currents in the region; black arrows indicate the East Madagascar Current, grey arrows the anti-cyclonic eddies. Patterns of oceanographic currents shown were modified from map in Gopal et al. (2006).
Acorn Grinding Holes, "Kitchen Rock"
A rock used for gringing acorns and washing out the tannic acid to remove the bitterness. It took seven soakings to remove it all to make it edible. It seems likely that one would start with dry shell removed acorns at the bottom and mash them in water, drain, and move them uphill. The acid would shape the rock from use over time and make the undercuts. This had been used for thousnds of years. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Supplementary material 2 from: Pochai A, Kingtong S, Sukparangsi W, Khachonpisitsak S (2017) The diversity of acorn barnacles (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) across Thailand's coasts: The Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 13-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10769
Arthropodal characters of Tetraclita singaporensis : Explanation note: Tetraclita singaporensis collected from (BUU16.TC.TSG02) from Na Tai beach, Phang-nga. A.-I. Light microscopy on arthropodal characters. A. Cirri I, B.-C. Close up on cirri I showing serrulate setae, D. Cirri II, E.-F. Close up on cirri II showing serrulate setae, G. Maxillule, H. Mandible, I. Labrum.
Supplementary material 3 from: Pochai A, Kingtong S, Sukparangsi W, Khachonpisitsak S (2017) The diversity of acorn barnacles (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) across Thailand's coasts: The Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 13-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10769
Arthropodal characters of Tetraclita squamosa : Explanation note: Tetraclita squamosa collected from Hin Ngam beach, Nakhon Si Thammarat (BUU16.TC.TS01). A.-I. Light microscopy on arthropodal characters. A. Cirri I, B.-C. Close up on cirri I showing serrulate setae, D. Cirri II, E.-F. Close up on cirri II showing serrulate setae, G. Maxillule, H. Mandible, I. Labrum.
Supplementary material 1 from: Pochai A, Kingtong S, Sukparangsi W, Khachonpisitsak S (2017) The diversity of acorn barnacles (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) across Thailand's coasts: The Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 13-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10769
Arthropodal characters of Tetraclita kuroshioensis : Explanation note: Tetraclita kuroshioensis collected from (BUU16.TC.TK01) from Na Tai beach, Phang-nga. A.-I. Light microscopy on arthropodal characters. A. Cirri I, B.-C. Close up on cirri I showing serrulate setae, D. Cirri II, E.-F. Close up on cirri II showing serrulate setae, G. Maxillule, H. Mandible, I. Labrum.
Computed Tomography and XRF data for core SQB5 (Lower Acorn Woman Lake)
<p>This file contains the Computed Tomography and X-ray Fluorescence data for SBQ5 from Lower Acorn Woman Lake, Oregon. It is used in the publication: </p> <p>Sedimentary record of historical seismicity in a small, southern Oregon lake</p> <p>Authored by: Ann E. Morey, Mark D. Shapley, Daniel G. Gavin, Alan R. Nelson and Chris Goldfinger</p>
The efficacy of X-ray micro-computed tomography for acorn worm taxonomy: Balanoglossus occidentalis (manuscript species) from Puget Sound, Washington
<p>Micro-CT scan data of Balanoglossus occidentalis generated with a Zeiss Xradia Versa 520. A first scan was made of the whole specimen with AMC drift correction, 0 beam hardening, voltage of 60 kV, currant of 82 µA, exposure time of 1.7 sec, LE2 source filter, LE6 secondary filter, 1601 Projection numbers, single FOV, vertical stitching and a resolution of 9,0373 µm. Then, a second scan was made focusing on the collar and the base of the proboscis because these regions are particularly informative to taxonomic descriptions of acorn worms. This second scan had a Projection number of 2401 and a resolution of 4.5075 µm. Each scan took 3 hours.</p>
An Observational Study of Avastin (Bevacizumab) in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (ACORN)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01506167. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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