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Fig. 3 in Four Alien Monogeneans, Including Trinigyrus peregrinus n. sp., Parasitic on the Invasive Armored Catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Okinawa-jima Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
Fig. 3. Unilatus brittani Mizelle, Kritsky, and Crane, 1968. NSMT-Pl 6193. A, anterior anchors; B, posterior anchors; C, anterior bar; D, posterior bar; E, marginal hook of pair I; F, marginal hook of pair II; G, marginal hook of pair III; H, marginal hook of pair IV; I, marginal hook of pair V; J, marginal hook of pair VI; K, marginal hook of pair VII; L, male copulatory organ; M, vagina. Scale bars: 10 µm.
Fig. 4. Trinigyrus peregrinus n in Four Alien Monogeneans, Including Trinigyrus peregrinus n. sp., Parasitic on the Invasive Armored Catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Okinawa-jima Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
Fig. 4. Trinigyrus peregrinus n. sp. Holotype (NSMT-Pl 6195) for B–E, paratypes for A (NSMT-Pl 6198, 6200) and for F (NMST-Pl 6202). A, whole mount (ventral view, composite); B, anchors; C, bar; D, marginal hook; E, male copulatory organ; F, egg. Scale bars: A and F, 200 µm; B–E, 20 µm. Abbreviations: ap, accessory piece; cg, cephalic glands; in, intestinal caecum; mco, male copulatory organ; mh, marginal hook; o, oötype; od, oviduct; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; pr, prostatic reservoir; sr, seminal reservoir; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vl, vitellaria; vp, vaginal pore.
Fig. 2 in An Alien Monogenean, Ligictaluridus pricei (Platyhelminthes: Ancyrocephalidae), Parasitic on the Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) in Japan
Fig. 2. Ligictaluridus pricei (Mueller, 1936). NSMT-Pl 6166. A, Whole mount (ventral view); B, dorsal hamuli; C, ventral hamuli; D, dorsal bar; E, ventral bar; F, marginal hook of pair I; G, marginal hook of pair II; H, marginal hook of pair III; I, marginal hook of pair IV; J, marginal hook of pair V; K, marginal hook of pair VI; L, marginal hook of pair VII; M and N, penes and accessory pieces from two specimens. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B–N, 10 µm. Abbreviations: ap, accessory piece; cgo, opening of cephalic gland; e, eye; i, marginal hook of pair I; ii, marginal hook of pair II; iii, marginal hook of pair III; in, intestinal caeca; iv, marginal hook of pair IV; mg, Mehlis' gland; o, oötype; od, oviduct; ov, ovary; p, penis; ph, pharynx; pr, prostatic reservoir; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis; u, uterus; v, marginal hook of pair V; vi, marginal hook of pair VI; vii, marginal hook of pair VII; vl, vitellaria; va, vagina; vp, vaginal pore; vd, vas deferens.
Fig. 1 in An Alien Monogenean, Ligictaluridus pricei (Platyhelminthes: Ancyrocephalidae), Parasitic on the Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) in Japan
Fig. 1. Measurement axes of hard parts of Ligictaluridus pricei (Mueller, 1936). Abbreviations: apl, accessory piece length; bl, blade length; bmw, bar median width; btl, bar length; htl, hamulus total length; ltn, length to notch; mhl, marginal hook length; pd, penis diameter; pl, penis length; srl, superficial root length.
Fig. 2 in First Japanese Record of Heteropriapulus heterotylus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae), from the Alien Catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in Okinawa
Fig. 2. Heteropriapulus heterotylus (Jogunoori, Kritsky and Venkatanarasaiah, 2004). A, Whole mount (ventral view); B, dorsal anchors; C, ventral anchors; D, dorsal bar; E, ventral bar; F, hook; G, male copulatory organ; H, vagina. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B–G, 10 µm. Abbreviations: ap, accessory piece; cl, cephalic lob; co, copulatory organ; es, eye-spot (black, ventral; gray, dorsal); ho, hook; ic, intestinal caeca; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; pr, prostatic reservoir; sv, seminal vesicle; te, testis; vf, vitelline follicles; vt, vagina.
Fig. 1 in First Japanese Record of Heteropriapulus heterotylus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae), from the Alien Catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in Okinawa
Fig. 1. Measurements of hard parts of Heteropriapulus heterotylus (Jogunoori, Kritsky and Venkatanarasaiah, 2004). A, Dorsal anchor; B, ventral anchor; C, bar; D, hook; E, male copulatory organ. Abbreviations: al, accessory piece length; apl, anchor patch length; atl, anchor total length; bmw, bar median width; btl, bar total length; btw, bar total width; cl, copulatory organ length; hl, hook length; irl, inner root length; pl, point length; sl, shaft length.
Fig. 2. Dactylogyrus petruschewskyi Gussev, 1955 in Redescription of Dactylogyrus petruschewskyi Gussev, 1955 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae), a Newly Recorded Alien Monogenean from an Alien Cyprinid, Megalobrama amblycephala Yih, 1955 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), in Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan
Fig. 2. Dactylogyrus petruschewskyi Gussev, 1955. NSMT-Pl 6452. Sclerotized structures. Abbreviations: ap, accessory piece; DB, dorsal bar; DH, dorsal hamulus; I, marginal hook of pair I; II, marginal hook of pair II; III, marginal hook of pair III; IV, marginal hook of pair IV; MCOd, male copulatory organ, normal type (dorsal view); MCOt, male copulatory organ, two-rod type (Anonymous 1973) (dorsal view); MCOv, male copulatory organ, normal type (ventral view); N, needle; p, penis; VB, ventral bar; VBc, ventral bar with circular holes; V, marginal hook of pair V; VI, marginal hook of pair VI; VII, marginal hook of pair VII.
Traits data of naturalized and non-naturalized alien species of four Indonesian Botanic Gardens
<p>The establishment of new botanic gardens in tropical regions highlights a need for weed risk assessment tools suitable for tropical ecosystems. The relevance of plant traits for invasion into tropical rainforests has not been well studied. </p> <p>Working in and around four botanic gardens in Indonesia where 590 alien species have been planted, we estimated the effect of four plant traits, plus time since species introduction, on: a) the naturalization probability and b) abundance (density) of naturalized species in adjacent native tropical rainforests; and c) the distance that naturalized alien plants have spread from the botanic gardens. </p> <p>We found that specific leaf area (SLA) strongly differentiated 23 naturalized from 78 non-naturalized alien species (randomly selected from 577 non-naturalized species) in our study. These trends may indicate that exotics with high SLA benefit from at least two factors when establishing in tropical forests: high growth rates and occupation of forest gaps. We also found that height was unrelated to naturalization probability, but naturalized aliens were having high SLA and were short. </p> <p>Exotic species that were present in the gardens for over 30 years and those with small seeds also had higher probabilities of becoming naturalized, indicating that garden plants can invade the understorey of closed canopy tropical rainforests, especially when invading species are shade-tolerant and have sufficient time to establish.</p> <p>On average, exotic species that were not animal dispersed spread 78 m further into the forests than animal-dispersed species. We did not detect relationships between the measured traits and estimated density of naturalized exotics in the adjacent forests.</p> <p>Synthesis: Traits were able to differentiate exotic species from botanic gardens that naturalized in native forest from those that did not; this is promising for developing trait-based risk assessment in the tropics. To limit the risk of invasion and spread into adjacent native forests, we suggest tropical botanic gardens avoid planting exotic species with fast carbon capture strategies and those that are shade tolerant.</p>
Fig. 1 in New Alien Species Mytilopsis Leucophaeata And Corbicula Fluminalis (Mollusca, Bivalvia) Recorded In Georgia And Notes On Other Non-Indigenous Molluscs Invaded The South Caucasus
Fig. 1. Map of the region showing the collection sites. Details for each sampling point are given in table 1.
Fig. 3 in New Alien Species Mytilopsis Leucophaeata And Corbicula Fluminalis (Mollusca, Bivalvia) Recorded In Georgia And Notes On Other Non-Indigenous Molluscs Invaded The South Caucasus
Fig. 3. Corbicula fluminalis: 1–4 whole specimen from native range, Vilesh River near Masally, Azerbaijan (1, 2 — right valve, 3, 4 — left valve); 5–8 — whole specimen from Pichori village (locality 1) (5, 6 — right valve, 7, 8 — left valve); 9–10 — a single left valve from Tbilisi Reservoir (locality 4) from outside (9) and inside (10); 11–12 — a single left valve from Shaori Reservoir (locality 3) from outside (11) and inside (12); 13–14 — a single left valve from Iori River (locality 5) from outside (13) and inside (14).
Fig. 2 in New Alien Species Mytilopsis Leucophaeata And Corbicula Fluminalis (Mollusca, Bivalvia) Recorded In Georgia And Notes On Other Non-Indigenous Molluscs Invaded The South Caucasus
Fig. 2. Mytilopsis leucophaeata: 1 — shells from Patara Paliastomi Lake (locality 2); 2–4 — whole specimen from the same locality (2 — right valve, 3 — left valve, 4 — enlarged inner view of position 2 showing the apophysis); 5–6 — a single right valve of shell from Shaori Reservoir (locality 3) from outside (5) and inside (6) views correspondingly.
Shapefiles representing regions in alien species databases for 9 taxa
<p>Shapefiles representing regions in alien species databases.</p> <p>1- Regions_shapefile_amphibians_reptiles - created based on the regional information available in "Capinha, C. <em>et al.</em> Diversity, biogeography and the global flows of alien amphibians and reptiles. <em>Divers Distrib</em> <strong>23</strong>, 1313–1322 (2017)."</p> <p>2- Regions_shapefile_ants_mammals - provided by "Guénard, B., Weiser, M. D., Gómez, K., Narula, N. & Economo, E. P. The Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics (GABI) database: synthesizing data on the geographic distribution of ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). <em>Myrmecological News</em> <strong>24</strong>, 83–89 (2017)."</p> <p>3- Regions_shapefile_birds - created based on the regional information available in "Dyer, E. E., Redding, D. W. & Blackburn, T. M. The global avian invasions atlas, a database of alien bird distributions worldwide. <em>Sci Data</em> <strong>4</strong>, 170041 (2017)."</p> <p>4- Regions_shapefile_freshwater - provided by "Tedesco, P. A. <em>et al.</em> A global database on freshwater fish species occurrence in drainage basins. <em>Sci Data</em> <strong>4</strong>, 170141 (2017)."</p> <p>5- Regions_shapefile_macrofungi - created based on the regional information available in "Monteiro, M. <em>et al.</em> A database of the global distribution of alien macrofungi. <em>Biodiversity Data Journal </em><strong>8</strong>, e51459 (2020)."</p> <p>6- Regions_shapefile_plants - provided by "Kleunen, M. <em>et al.</em> The Global Naturalised Alien Flora (GloNAF) database. <em>Ecology</em> <strong>100</strong>, (2019)."</p> <p>7- Regions_shapefile_spiders - created based on the regional information shared by co-author Wolfgang Nentwig</p> <p> </p>
Dataset for "Alien plants tend to occur in species-poor communities"
<p>This dataset contains the list of plant species, their abundances, vegetation types, and the area of the vegetation plots analyzed in the paper titled “<strong>Alien plants tend to occur in species-poor communities</strong>” by Padullés Cubino et al. (2022; Neobiota). </p> <p>These data were obtained from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý and Rafajová, 2003) (<a href="https://botzool.cz/vegsci/phytosociologicalDb">https://botzool.cz/vegsci/phytosociologicalDb</a>).</p> <p>The dataset contains 2 tables:</p> <ol> <li>“Metadata.xlsx”: It includes a description of the fields found in "plot_species.csv".</li> <li>“plot_species.csv”: It includes the list of angiosperm plant taxa, their abundance cover, associated vegetation type, and the area of each vegetation plot.</li> </ol> <p>References: </p> <p>Chytrý M, Rafajová M (2003) Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. Preslia 75: 1–15.</p>
Moths and butterflies on alien shores – global biogeography of non-native Lepidoptera
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Lepidoptera is a highly diverse, predominantly herbivorous insect order, with species transported to outside their native range largely facilitated by the global trade of plants and plant-based goods. Analogous to island disharmony, we examine invasion disharmony, where species filtering during invasions increases systematic compositional differences between native and non-native species assemblages, and test whether some families are more successful at establishing in non-native regions than others. We compared numbers of non-native, unintentionally introduced Lepidoptera species with the land area of 11 regions worldwide (Hawaii, North America, Galapagos, Europe, South Africa, South Korea, Japan, Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Australia, New Zealand). Differences among native and non-native assemblages in the distribution of species among families were investigated using ordination analysis. We tested whether invasion disharmony is explained by propagule pressure (proxied by species richness in border interceptions) and if families were associated with specific trade commodities. In total, 741 non-native Lepidoptera species, accounting for 0.47% of the global diversity of lepidopterans, are established in at least one of the 11 regions. Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae and Gracillariidae were particularly successful invaders, whereas the two most species-rich families, Erebidae and Geometridae, were under-represented among non-native Lepidoptera. Much of the variation in species numbers in the native, and less so in the non-native assemblages could be attributed to land area. Although native assemblages were similar among nearby regions, non-native assemblages were not, suggesting geography had little effect on invasion disharmony. Comparison of established with intercepted species revealed that macromoth families were generally under-represented in establishments, whereas several micromoth families were under-represented in interceptions. This discrepancy may relate to greater detectability of larger species or high propagule pressure via associations with specific invasion pathways. Invasion disharmony in Lepidoptera appears to be driven by processes unrelated to the success of native assemblages. While native assemblages developed through long-term evolutionary radiation, the composition of non-native assemblages is driven by differential invasion pathways and traits affecting the establishment of founder populations that vary among families.</span></p>
Alien insect dispersal mediated by the global movement of commodities
<p>Globalization and economic growth are recognized as key drivers of biological invasions. Alien species have become a feature of almost every biological community worldwide, and rates of new introductions continue to rise as the movement of people and goods accelerates. Insects are among the most numerous and problematic alien organisms, and are mainly introduced unintentionally with imported cargo or arriving passengers. However, the processes occurring prior to insect introductions remain poorly understood. We used a unique dataset of 1,902,392 border interception records from inspections at air, land and maritime ports in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Japan, the United States of America and Canada to identify key commodities associated with insect movement through trade and travel. A total of 8,939 species were intercepted, and commodity association data were available for 1,242 species recorded between 1960 and 2019. We used rarefaction and extrapolation methods to estimate the total species richness and diversity associated with different commodity types. Plant and wood products were the main commodities associated with insect movement across cargo, passenger baggage and international mail. Furthermore, certain species were mainly associated with specific commodities within these, and other broad categories. More closely related species tended to share similar commodity associations, but this occurred largely at the genus level rather than within orders or families. These similarities within genera can potentially inform pathway management of new alien species. Combining interception records across regions provides a unique window into the unintentional movement of insects, and provides valuable information on establishment risks associated with different commodity types and pathways.</p>
Data from: Soil mesofauna may buffer the negative effects of drought on alien plant invasion
<p>Although many studies have tested the direct effects of drought on alien plant invasion, less is known about whether drought affects alien plant invasion indirectly via interactions of plants with other groups of organisms such as soil mesofauna.</p> <p>To test for such indirect effects, we grew single plants of nine naturalized alien target species in pot-mesocosms with a community of five native grassland species under four combinations of two drought (well-watered vs drought) and two soil-mesofauna-inoculation (with vs without) treatments.</p> <p>We found that drought decreased the absolute and the relative biomass production of the alien plants, and thus reduced their competitive strength in the native community. Drought also decreased the abundance of soil mesofauna, particularly soil mites, but did not affect the abundance and richness of soil herbivores. Soil-fauna inoculation did not affect biomass of the alien plants but increased biomass of the native plant community, and thereby decreased the relative biomass production of the alien plants. This increased invasion resistance due to soil fauna, however, tended (p = 0.09) to be stronger for plants growing under well-watered conditions than under drought.</p> <p>Synthesis. Our multispecies experiment thus shows that soil fauna might help native communities to resist alien plant invasions, but that this effect might be weakened under drought. In other words, soil mesofauna may buffer the negative effects of drought on alien plant invasions.</p>
Quantifying the ecological impacts of alien aquatic macrophytes: A global meta‐analysis of effects on fish, macroinvertebrate and macrophyte assemblages
<p>Biological invasions constitute a pervasive and growing threat to the biodiversity and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Macrophytes are key primary producers and ecosystem engineers in freshwaters, meaning that alien macrophyte invasions have the capacity to alter the structure and function of recipient aquatic ecosystems profoundly. Although prevailing wisdom holds that alien macrophyte invasions tend to compromise freshwater ecosystem structure and function, the ecological impacts of alien macrophyte invasion have not been quantitatively reviewed to date.</p> <p>Here we present a global meta-analysis of 202 cases from 53 research articles, exploring the impacts of alien macrophyte invasion on the abundance and diversity of three ubiquitous and ecologically important focal groups, which together comprise the bulk of non-microbial freshwater biodiversity: resident macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish. Our synthesis includes data from all continents except Antarctica and Asia, covering 25 alien macrophyte species, but reveals considerable taxonomic and geographical biases in knowledge.</p> <p>Meta-analysis results reveal that invasion by alien macrophytes has an overall negative impact on taxonomic diversity of the three focal groups, but no consistent effect on abundance. At a finer resolution, we detect a strong negative effect of alien macrophyte invasion on resident macrophyte abundance and diversity, and a significant but smaller positive effect of submerged alien macrophyte invasion on macroinvertebrates. Effects on fish appear inconsistent.</p> <p>Our findings emphasise the importance of context- and taxon-specific ecological research in informing appropriate and proportionate management of alien macrophyte invasions, since alien macrophyte impacts are not consistently negative. We also identify significant geographical and taxonomic limitations in existing studies, quantitative data being lacking for many alien taxa.</p>
Data from: Pathways of introduction of alien species in Norway
<p>1. Alien species constitute one of the major threats to global biodiversity. Stopping alien species at an early stage, preferably before establishment, is crucial for the effectiveness of management actions. To enable early detection and prevent future introductions, knowledge of pathways of introduction and their absolute and relative importance is crucial.</p> <p>2. Based on an exhaustive impact assessment of all alien species in Norway (multicellular neobiota), the relation of taxonomy, lifestyle and ecological impact of alien species to their pathways of introduction are investigated. This taxonomically and ecologically unbiased dataset contains 2,267 unique pathways of 1,180 alien species.</p> <p>3. Ecological and taxonomic patterns indicate that terrestrial organisms were predominantly introduced by means of escape (mainly plants escaped from gardens), parasites as contaminants (mainly fungi and insects parasitising plants), freshwater organisms by release (mainly vertebrates), and marine organisms as stowaways (mainly invertebrates and algae). Unaided introductions were most common among insects and marine organisms.</p> <p>4. Alien species with high ecological impact were mainly introduced along the same pathways as other alien species. In relative terms, high-impact species were overrepresented among released species, even though this pathway was subordinate in absolute terms. The number of pathways and the overall introduction pressure were important predictors of ecological impact, especially of the species' invasion potential and area of occupancy.</p> <p>5. Introduction rates of novel alien species have seen recent increases in all taxa and along almost all pathways. This acceleration was especially pronounced for insects and fungi introduced as contaminants and for marine organisms introduced as stowaways. In absolute terms, introduction rates were highest for plant escapes, reaching more than five novel species per year.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications: Introduction of new alien species cannot be prevented by closing one or two introduction pathways, since none can be singled out as the main pathway of invasives. Yet each pathway closed makes a difference, as this reduces the overall introduction pressure. The highest priorities for management are the pathways that are easiest to address, such as release, and those with the highest volume, such as plant trade.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Hejda M (2013) Do species differ in their ability to coexist with the dominant alien Lupinus polyphyllus? A comparison between two distinct invaded ranges and a native range. NeoBiota 17: 39-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.17.4317
Entry data for the univariate models with species richness as a response variable. (doi: 10.3897/neobiota.17.4317.app1) File format: Micrisoft Excell document (xls). :
Supplementary material 1 from: Dainese M, Poldini L (2012) Does residence time affect responses of alien species richness to environmental and spatial processes? NeoBiota 14: 47-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.14.3273
Supplementary material 1 from: Dainese M, Poldini L (2012) Does residence time affect responses of alien species richness to environmental and spatial processes? NeoBiota 14: 47-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.14.3273
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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