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199 results for “anthers”
Data from: Is there a disease-free halo at species range limits? The co-distribution of anther-smut disease and its host species
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Data from: The role of infectious disease in the evolution of females: evidence from anther-smut disease on a gynodioecious alpine carnation
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Darwin’s vexing contrivance: A new hypothesis for why some flowers have two kinds of anther
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Structural anther mimics improve reproductive success through dishonest signalling that enhances both attraction and the morphological fit of pollinators with flowers
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Weak response to selection on stigma-anther distance in a primarily selfing population of yellow monkeyflower
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Anther cones increase pollen release in buzz-pollinated Solanum flowers
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Data from: Transmission and temporal dynamics of anther-smut disease (Microbotryum) on alpine carnation (Dianthus pavonius)
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Anther modes influence diversification rates in the animal-pollinated species-rich Didymocarpoideae
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Data from: Co-occurrence and hybridization of anther-smut pathogens specialized on Dianthus hosts
Host specialization has important consequences for the diversification and ecological interactions of obligate pathogens. The anther-smut disease of natural plant populations, caused by Microbotryum fungi, has been characterized by specialized host-pathogen interactions, which contribute in part to the isolation among these numerous fungal species. This study investigated the molecular variation of Microbotryum pathogens within the geographic and host-specific distributions on wild Dianthus species in southern European Alps. In contrast to prior studies on this pathogen genus, a range of overlapping host specificities was observed for four delineated Microbotryum lineages on Dianthus hosts, and their frequent co-occurrence within single-host populations was quantified at local and regional scales. In addition to potential consequences for direct pathogen competition, the sympatry of Microbotryum lineages led to hybridization between them in many populations, and these admixed genotypes suffered significant meiotic sterility. Therefore, this investigation of the anther-smut fungi reveals how variation in the degrees of host specificity can have major implications for ecological interactions and genetic integrity of differentiated pathogen lineages.
Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther-smut fungi and their host plants Silene italica and the S. nutans species complex
The study of population genetic structure congruence between hosts and pathogens gives important insights into their shared phylogeographic and coevolutionary histories. We studied the population genetic structure of castrating anther-smut fungi (<i>Microbotryum</i> genus) and of their host plants, the <i>Silene nutans</i> species complex, and the morphologically and genetically close <i>S. italica</i>, which can be found in sympatry. Phylogeographic population genetic structure related to persistence in separate glacial refugia has been recently revealed in the <i>S. nutans</i> plant species complex across Western Europe, identifying several distinct lineages. We genotyped 171 associated plant-pathogen pairs of anther-smut fungi and their host plant individuals using microsatellite markers and plant chloroplastic SNPs. We found clear differentiation between fungal populations parasitizing <i>S. nutans</i> and <i>S. italica</i> plants. The population genetic structure of fungal strains parasitizing the <i>S. nutans</i> plant species complex mirrored the host plant genetic structure, suggesting that the pathogen was isolated in glacial refugia together with its host and/or that it has specialized on the plant genetic lineages. Using random forest approximate Bayesian computation (ABC-RF), we found that the divergence history of the fungal lineages on <i>S. nutans</i> was congruent with the one previously inferred for the host plant and likely occurred with ancient but no recent gene flow. Genome sequences confirmed the genetic structure and the absence of recent gene flow between fungal genetic lineages. Our analyses of host-pathogen individual pairs contribute to a better understanding of co-evolutionary histories between hosts and pathogens in natural ecosystems, in which such studies are still scarce.
Data from: Evolution of the selfing syndrome: anther orientation and herkogamy together determine reproductive assurance in a self-compatible plant
Capacity for autonomous self-fertilization provides reproductive assurance, has evolved repeatedly in the plant kingdom, and typically involves several changes in flower morphology and development (the selfing syndrome). Yet, the relative importance of different traits and trait combinations for efficient selfing and reproductive success in pollinator-poor environments is poorly known. In a series of experiments, we tested the importance of anther-stigma distance and the less studied trait anther orientation for efficiency of selfing in the perennial herb Arabis alpina. Variation in flower morphology among eight self-compatible European populations was correlated with efficiency of self-pollination and with pollen limitation in a common-garden experiment. To examine whether anther-stigma distance and anther orientation are subject to directional and/or correlational selection, and whether this is because these traits affect pollination success, we planted a segregating F2 population at two native field sites. Selection strongly favored a combination of introrse anthers and reduced anther-stigma distance at a site where pollinator activity was low, and supplemental hand-pollination demonstrated that this was largely because of their effect on securing self-pollination. The results suggest that concurrent shifts in more than one trait can be crucial for the evolution of efficient self-pollination and reproductive assurance in pollinator-poor habitats.
FIGURE 2. Bulbophyllum versicolor. A. Column with ovary. B. Lip. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Petal. E. Anther cap and pollinarium. F. Lateral sepal. G in Bulbophyllum versicolor (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae), a new species from Yunnan, China: evidence from morphology and molecular analyses
FIGURE 2. Bulbophyllum versicolor. A. Column with ovary. B. Lip. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Petal. E. Anther cap and pollinarium. F. Lateral sepal. G. Plant.
FIGURE. Camchaya bolavenensis Noyori, Komada, Soulad. & Tagane. A. Habit; B. Lower leaf surface; C. Capitula, lateral view; D. Capitula, apical view; E. Capitula; F. Floret; G. Anthers; H. Styles and stigmas; I. Hexaporate pollen. Materials A–E & G–H from Souladeth et al. L3349 (KAG), F from Tagane et al. L2011 (KYO) and I from Tagane et al. L2011 (KAG). in Camchaya bolavenensis (Asteraceae: Vernonieae), a new species from Bolaven Plateau, southern Laos
FIGURE. Camchaya bolavenensis Noyori, Komada, Soulad. & Tagane. A. Habit; B. Lower leaf surface; C. Capitula, lateral view; D. Capitula, apical view; E. Capitula; F. Floret; G. Anthers; H. Styles and stigmas; I. Hexaporate pollen. Materials A–E & G–H from Souladeth et al. L3349 (KAG), F from Tagane et al. L2011 (KYO) and I from Tagane et al. L2011 (KAG).
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM.
FIGURE 3. A–B in A tribute to resistance: Eugenia quilombola (Myrtaceae), a new species with multilocular anthers from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil
FIGURE 3. A–B. Details of Eugenia quilombola multilocular anthers. C. Electromicroscopy of multilocular anther in Eugenia sp. (A–B from the holotype: B.S. Amorim et al. 1295; C from Giaretta et al. in review.). Scale bars: A–B) 3 mm; C) 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 2. Eugenia quilombola. A in A tribute to resistance: Eugenia quilombola (Myrtaceae), a new species with multilocular anthers from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil
FIGURE 2. Eugenia quilombola. A. Detail of the bark. B. Leaf. C. Inflorescence with flower buds and an arrow showing the seam between the external (S1) and internal (S2) calyx lobes. D. Detail of flowers. E. Young fruits and an arrowhead showing a scar left by the fusion of the external calyx lobes along its boundary on the dorsal face of the internal calyx lobe. F. Mature fruit and remnant of the calyx lobes with an arrowhead indicating the scar (see the lighter apex) left by the fusion of the external calyx lobes along its boundary on the dorsal face of the internal calyx lobe (A, B, F from the B.S. Amorim et al.424; C–D from the holotype; E from B.S. Amorim et al. 1398).
FIGURE 1 in A tribute to resistance: Eugenia quilombola (Myrtaceae), a new species with multilocular anthers from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Eugenia quilombola. Isotype: B.S. Amorim et al. 1295. Image courtesy of the C. V. Starr Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/)
FIGURE. Seedlings, seeds, embryos, anthers, and pollen in Dicorynia. A–D. Different stages of development in seedlings of D. paraensis, First eophiles unifoliolate and opposite; E–G. Seed of D. guianensis: E. External surface; F. Endosperm of the longitudinally sectioned seed, note the slightly gelatinous upper region; G. Cotyledon and embryo of longitudinally sectioned seed; H. SEM of seed's testa in D. paraensis; I. SEM of endosperm's surface in D. guianensis (notice the presence of circular perforations); J–K. SEM of the hypocotyl-radicular axis of the seed in D. guianensis and D. paraensis; L. SEM of seed's testa in D. guianensis; M–N. SEM of plumule region in embryo of D. guianensis and D. paraensis (note the developed leaf primordia); O. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. paraensis, showing 4 sporangia and two pores covered by an apicle; P. Apex of anther in shorter stamen of D. guianensis, at least 9 sporangia; Q. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. guianensis, 8 sporangia; R. Pollen grains in D. paraensis. A–D: Falcão, M.J. 91; E–G, I–J, L–M: Gentry 63030; H, K, N: Berry, P.E. 7460; O: Amaral, E. 618; P, Q: Unknown collector MO1576407; Scale bar. A–D: 2cm; E–G: 3mm; H–L: 1mm; M–N: 100 μm; O-Q: 200μm; R: 5 μm. in A Taxonomic Revision of the Amazonian Genus Dicorynia (Fabaceae: Dialioideae)
FIGURE. Seedlings, seeds, embryos, anthers, and pollen in Dicorynia. A–D. Different stages of development in seedlings of D. paraensis, First eophiles unifoliolate and opposite; E–G. Seed of D. guianensis: E. External surface; F. Endosperm of the longitudinally sectioned seed, note the slightly gelatinous upper region; G. Cotyledon and embryo of longitudinally sectioned seed; H. SEM of seed's testa in D. paraensis; I. SEM of endosperm's surface in D. guianensis (notice the presence of circular perforations); J–K. SEM of the hypocotyl-radicular axis of the seed in D. guianensis and D. paraensis; L. SEM of seed's testa in D. guianensis; M–N. SEM of plumule region in embryo of D. guianensis and D. paraensis (note the developed leaf primordia); O. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. paraensis, showing 4 sporangia and two pores covered by an apicle; P. Apex of anther in shorter stamen of D. guianensis, at least 9 sporangia; Q. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. guianensis, 8 sporangia; R. Pollen grains in D. paraensis. A–D: Falcão, M.J. 91; E–G, I–J, L–M: Gentry 63030; H, K, N: Berry, P.E. 7460; O: Amaral, E. 618; P, Q: Unknown collector MO1576407; Scale bar. A–D: 2cm; E–G: 3mm; H–L: 1mm; M–N: 100 μm; O-Q: 200μm; R: 5 μm.
FIGURE 6 in Polysporangiate anthers described in Eugenia (Myrtaceae) with notes on evolutionary patterns
FIGURE 6. Time calibrated phylogeny of Eugeniinae and reconstruction of anther dehiscence traits resulting from aggregation of 10,000 stochastic character maps. Middle Miocene when the lineages with multilocular anthers arose is highlighted. The dated phylogeny is from Giaretta et al. (2019b).
FIGURE 3 in Polysporangiate anthers described in Eugenia (Myrtaceae) with notes on evolutionary patterns
FIGURE 3. Anthers of Eugenia kerianthera. (A) Ventral-lateral surface. (B) Dorsal-lateral surface. (C) Transverse section at an early stage with arrows indicating sporangia. (D) Pollen grains attached to the sporangium opening. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (A–C); 0.01 mm (D).
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