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Fig. 4 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain
Fig. 4. Median values of energy density (ED) [(a), (b)] and the relative condition factor (Kn) [(c), (d)], by standard length, in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, for each month sampled. Lower bars indicate the 25% percentile, upper bars indicate the 75% percentile. Different upper-case letters (ABC) indicate statistically significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis, P <0.025).
Fig. 1 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain
Fig. 1. Location of the sampling stations of Prochilodus lineatus on the Upper Paraná River floodplain, associated with the following sub-basins: Baia (5. Guaraná lagoon, 6. Gavião lagoon, 7. Fechada lagoon, 8. Pousada das Garças lagoon, 11. Baia River), Ivinhema (1. Finado Raimundo lagoon, 2. Patos lagoon, 3. Ventura lagoon, 4. Zé do Paco lagoon, 13. Ivinhema River) and Paraná (9. Garças lagoon, 10. Ressaco do Pau Veio, 12. Paraná River).
Fig. 3 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain
Fig. 3. Linear regression (a) and weight-length relationship (b) of juvenile Prochilodus lineatus in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River.
Fig. 5 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain
Fig. 5. Median values of energy density (E D) [(a), (b)] and the relative condition factor (K n) [(c), (d)], by standard length, for each sub-basin of the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River - Baia sub-basins (Bai), Ivinhema (Ivi) and Paraná (Par) - from June 2010 to March 2011. Lower bars indicate the 25% percentile, upper bars indicate the 75% percentile. Different upper-case letters (ABC) indicate statistically significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis, P <0.025).
Fig. 2 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain
Fig. 2. Daily mean water levels of the Upper Paraná River. Arrows indicate sampling periods. Horizontal lines show the threshold of the water level for river-bank overflow (350 cm = Paraná river, Agostinho et al., 2004b; Thomaz et al., 2004).
Climate-associated decline of body condition in a fossorial salamander
<p><strong>Climate-associated decline of body condition in a fossorial salamander</strong></p> <p><strong>Abstract </strong>Temperate ectotherms have responded to recent environmental change, likely due to the direct and indirect effects of temperature on key life-cycle events. Yet, a substantial number of ectotherms are fossorial, spending the vast majority of their lives in subterranean microhabitats that are assumed to be buffered against environmental change. Here we examine whether seasonal climatic conditions influence body condition (a measure of general health and vigor), reproductive output, and breeding phenology in a northern population of fossorial salamander (Spotted Salamander,<em>Ambystoma maculatum</em>). We found that breeding body condition declined over a 12 year monitoring period (2008–2019) with warmer summer and autumn temperatures at least partly responsible for the observed decline in body condition. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated metabolism drives the negative association between temperature and condition. Population-level reproduction, assessed via egg mass counts, showed high interannual variation and was weakly influenced by autumn temperatures. Salamander breeding phenology was strongly correlated with lake ice-melt but showed no long-term temporal trend (1986–2019). Climatic warming in the region, which has been and is forecasted to be strongest in the summer and autumn, is predicted to lead to a 5 to 27% decline in salamander body condition under realistic near-future climate scenarios. Although the subterranean environment offers a thermal buffer, the observed decline in condition and relatively strong effect of summer temperature on body condition suggest that fossorial salamanders are sensitive to the effects of a warming climate. Given the diversity of fossorial taxa, heightened attention to the vulnerability of subterranean microhabitat refugia and their inhabitants is warranted amid global climatic change.</p> <p> </p> <p>The dataset and corresponding R script are split into five parts, consistent with the presentation of Methods/Results in Moldowan et al.</p> <p><strong>Part 1 of 5: Body condition data and analysis files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2008.2019.female.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>2008.2019.male.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>2009.2019.female.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>2009.2019.male.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv</li> <li>BodyCondition.TimeSeries.WeightedRegression.csv</li> <li>SMAregression.Female.2009.2019.R</li> <li>SMAregression.Male.2009.2019.R</li> <li>ModelSel.Avrg.Forecast.AutoCor.FemaleBodyCondition.climate.R</li> <li>ModelSel.Avrg.Forecast.AutoCor.MaleBodyCondition.climate.R</li> <li>WeightedRegression.BodyCondition.TimeSeries.R</li> <li>YearEffects-Njal_PDM update (20 March 2021)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 2 of 5: Forecast body condition under climate change files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2009.2019.male.SMI.CONSTANTSVL.csv (as above in Part 1)</li> <li>HeatMap.Forecast.MaleSMI.04 Feb 2021.R</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 3 of 5: Reproductive output (egg mass) data and analysis files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2009.2019.EggCount.Climate.csv</li> <li>ReproductiveOutput.climate.R</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 4 of 5: Breeding phenology data and analysis files</strong></p> <ul> <li>2008.2019.BreedingPhenology.Climate.csv</li> <li>Opeongo.Two Rivers.Bat.IceOff.csv</li> <li>BreedingPhenology.climate.R</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Part 5 of 5: Temperature dataloggers and salamander metabolic rate estimation files</strong></p> <ul> <li>HOBO_Bat_Lake_Underground_Temperatures.csv</li> <li>WhitfordHutchison1967Data.csv</li> <li>WhitfordHutchison1967DataExplainer.xlsx</li> <li>Metabolic Rate Prediction_PDM, 21 Feb 2021.R</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Figure 1 in Haematozoans, mites and body condition in the oceanic island lizard Gallotia atlantica (Peters and Doria, 1882) (Reptilia: Lacertidae)
Figure 1. Relationship between body condition and percent haematozoan (haemogregarine) infestation in the lizard Gallotia atlantica in the Alegranza islet (n534 lizards). The equation is a parametric regression (line) between the two parameters, showing the multiple correlation coefficient R-squared (not significant).
Fig. 3 in Water level influences on body condition of Geophagus brasiliensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in a Brazilian oligotrophic reservoir
Fig. 3. Means and standard error (vertical lines) for gonadosomatic index (GSI) by sex and size classes for Geophagus brasiliensis in the Lajes Reservoir. Between-sex significant differences: * p <0.05; ** p <0.01.
Fig. 2 in Water level influences on body condition of Geophagus brasiliensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in a Brazilian oligotrophic reservoir
Fig. 2. Means and standard errors (vertical lines) for body condition (K) by sex and water level periods for Geophagus brasiliensis in the Lajes Reservoir. Distinct letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences at 95% level of confidence.
Data for: Landscape features affect caiman body condition in the middle Araguaia river floodplain
<p>Landscape modifications often undermine habitat suitability for species' persistence, with initial effects observed through physiological responses of individuals and populations. However, some landscape features can allow tolerant wildlife species to persist in human-modified landscapes, but they are still overlooked. Across distinct agricultural landscapes, we assessed landscape features affecting the body condition (estimate through scaled mass index - SMI) of <em>Caiman crocodilus</em> (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) in human-modified landscapes of the Araguaia floodplain, central Brazil. We used a spatial Bayesian model averaging approach to determine the effects of landscape attributes, ectoparasites, tail damage, and severe body injuries on caiman body condition. We found that caimans had higher SMI in anthropogenic (ditches and artificial ponds) than natural habitats (lakes or rivers). Overall, caiman SMI was negatively associated with wetland cohesion (an aggregation and connectivity metric). Otherwise, landscape composition did not influence caiman SMI. Further, ectoparasites and body injuries did not affect SMI, whereas tail damage negatively affected SMI. Our findings underscore that caiman populations can adapt to artificial wetlands and irrigated rice fields, provided they incorporate natural and semi-natural habitat patches that enhance environmental heterogeneity, prey availability, and waterbody availability and connectivity.</p>
Unravelling arthropod movement in natural landscapes: small-scale effects of body size and weather conditions
<p>This dataset was used to run the analyses for Logghe et al. (2024). Unravelling arthropod movement in natural landscapes: small-scale effects of body size and weather conditions. Journal of Animal Ecology, 93(9), 1365-1379. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.14161">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.14161</a></p> <p>"Arthropod_movement.csv" contains the results of experimental fieldwork, where movement speed and direction were recorded for individuals belonging to multiple arthropod species. Each row contains data on taxonomy, weather conditions, movement speed and movement direction of an individual measurement. Metadata is provided for the different columns.</p> <p>"Summary_observations.csv" gives an overview of the amount of individuals that were tested for each species. This dataset separates flying and cursorial movement, since several species were able to switch between these two modes.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><strong>Background: </strong>Movement is a crucial life history component and holds direct significance to population dynamics, thereby influencing population viability. For arthropods in general, larger species achieve greater dispersal distances and large scale movements are influenced by weather conditions. However, many aspects of arthropod movement behaviour remain relatively unexplored, especially on small spatial scales. Studies on this topic are scarce and often limited to a few specific species or laboratory conditions. Consequently, it remains uncertain whether the effects of body size and weather conditions can be generalized across a wide range of arthropod species in natural environments.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>To help address this knowledge gap, we conducted a field study in two nature reserves in Belgium, focusing on both flying and cursorial arthropods. Over 200 different arthropod species were captured and released within a circular setup, allowing quantification of movement speed and direction. By analysing the relationship between these movement variables and morphological (body size) as well as environmental factors (temperature and wind), we aimed to gain insights into the mechanisms driving small-scale arthropod movement under natural conditions.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>For flying species, movement speed is positively correlated with both body size and (tail)wind speed. In contrast, movement speed of cursorial individuals was solely positively related with temperature. Notably, movement direction was biased towards the vegetated areas where the arthropods were originally caught, suggesting an internal drive to move towards suitable habitat. This tendency was particularly strong in larger flying individuals, in smaller cursorial species and under tailwind conditions. Furthermore, both flying and cursorial taxa were hindered from moving towards the habitat by strong upwind.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Body size can be used as a useful proxy for not only movement speed, but orientation capacity as well. This movement-size correlation is, at least at small temporal scales, conditional to the prevailing wind conditions.</p>
Data from: Mating tactic influences body condition loss in Rocky Mountain bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis)
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Body size and early marine conditions drive changes in Chinook salmon productivity across northern latitude ecosystems
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Data from: Wildfire smoke impacts the body condition and capture rates of birds in California
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Data for: Landscape features affect caiman body condition in the middle Araguaia river floodplain
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Exposure to exogenous egg cortisol does not rescue juvenile Chinook salmon body size, condition, or survival from the effects of elevated water temperatures
<p class="NormalThesis">Climate change is leading to altered temperature regimes which are impacting aquatic life, particularly for ectothermic fish. The impacts of environmental stress can be translated across generations through maternally-derived glucocorticoids, leading to altered offspring phenotypes. Although these maternal stress effects are often considered negative, recent studies suggest this maternal stress signal may prepare offspring for a similarly stressful environment (environmental match). We applied the environmental match hypothesis to examine whether a prenatal stress signal can dampen the effects of elevated water temperatures on body size, condition, and survival during early development in Chinook salmon <i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i> from Lake Ontario, Canada. We exposed fertilized eggs to prenatal exogenous egg cortisol (1000ng*mL<sup>-1</sup> cortisol or 0ng*mL<sup>-1</sup> control) and then reared these dosed groups at temperatures indicative of current (+0°C) and future (+3°C) temperature conditions. Offspring reared in elevated temperatures were smaller and had a lower survival at the hatchling developmental stage. Overall, we found that our exogenous cortisol dose did not dampen effects of elevated rearing temperatures (environmental match) on body size or early survival. Instead, our eyed stage survival indicates that our prenatal cortisol dose may be detrimental, as cortisol-dosed offspring raised in elevated temperatures had lower survival than cortisol-dosed and control reared in current temperatures. Our results suggest that a maternal stress signal may not be able to ameliorate the effects of thermal stress during early development. However, we highlight the importance of interpreting the fitness impacts of maternal stress within an environmentally relevant context.</p>
Data from: The relationship of body condition, superoxide dismutase, and superoxide with sperm performance
Sperm competition theory predicts a negative correlation between somatic investment in traits that aid in pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection. Sperm performance is critical for postcopulatory success but are susceptible to damage by free radicals such as superoxide radicals generated during mitochondrial respiration (mtSOx). Males can ameliorate damage to spermatozoa by investing in the production of antioxidants, like superoxide dismutase (SOD), which may act as a mechanistic link for pre and postcopulatory trade-offs. Some male Australian, colour-polymorphic painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) possess a yellow throat patch (bib) that females prefer over non-bibbed males and are also more likely to win male-male contests indicating that males with bibs are better at monopolizing females. We tested whether the sperm performance in non-bibbed males was superior to that of bibbed males as predicted by sperm competition theory. We show that blood cell mtSOx levels are negatively correlated with SOD activity in the plasma in all males early in the breeding season but SOD was lower in bibbed males. Non-bibbed males maintain a positive correlation between body condition and SOD activity over time while bibbed males do not. Overall sperm performance was not different between the bib-morphs, however, higher mtSOx levels were negatively correlated with sperm performance in bibbed males, but not of non-bibbed males. Together these data suggest physiological associations between body condition, SOD activity and sperm performance are linked to the expression of a yellow gular patch, which may be related to intrinsic differences in metabolism of bibbed versus non-bibbed males
Data from: Age-related sex differences in body condition and telomere dynamics of red-sided garter snakes
Life-history strategies vary dramatically between the sexes, which may drive divergence in sex-specific senescence and mortality rates. Telomeres are tandem nucleotide repeats that protect the ends of chromosomes from erosion during cell division. Telomeres have been implicated in senescence and mortality because they tend to shorten with stress, growth and age. We investigated age-specific telomere length in female and male red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. We hypothesized that age-specific telomere length would differ between males and females given their divergent reproductive strategies. Male garter snakes emerge from hibernation with high levels of corticosterone, which facilitates energy mobilization to fuel mate-searching, courtship and mating behaviours during a two to four week aphagous breeding period at the den site. Conversely, females remain at the dens for only about 4 days and seem to invest more energy in growth and cellular maintenance, as they usually reproduce biennially. As male investment in reproduction involves a yearly bout of physiologically stressful activities, while females prioritize self-maintenance, we predicted male snakes would experience more age-specific telomere loss than females. We investigated this prediction using skeletochronology to determine the ages of individuals and qPCR to determine telomere length in a cross-sectional study. For both sexes, telomere length was positively related to body condition. Telomere length decreased with age in male garter snakes, but remained stable in female snakes. There was no correlation between telomere length and growth in either sex, suggesting that our results are a consequence of divergent selection on life histories of males and females. Different selection on the sexes may be the physiological consequence of the sexual dimorphism and mating system dynamics displayed by this species.
Reduced avian body condition due to global warming has little reproductive or population consequences
<p><span>Climate change has strong effects on traits such as phenology and physiology. Studies typically assume that climate-induced trait changes will have consequences for population dynamics, but explicit tests are rare. Body condition reflects energy storage and may directly affect how much can be invested in reproduction and survival. <a name="_Hlk2255083">However, the causal pathway by which decreased body condition impacts population dynamics has never been quantified across multiple populations and species. </a>Therefore, we lack a general understanding of the consequences of changes in condition for variables more relevant for conservation, such as population size. Using structural equation modeling, we investigate how temperature-induced changes in body condition affect reproduction, and the subsequent impact on population growth rates of 19 bird species across 80 Dutch sites over a 21-year period. Warmer temperatures were associated with decreased body condition, which led to both decreased and increased reproduction at different sites, cancelling out any overall effect. <a name="_Hlk21968494">The indirect effect of temperature on population growth (via body condition and reproduction) only explained within-species variation in the total effects of temperature on population growth. </a><a name="_Hlk2256206">Instead, the direct effect of temperature on population growth (unrelated to condition and reproduction) was the most important pathway underlying the total effects of temperature on population growth, suggesting that unknown variables are mediating this effect. </a>About half of the species are expected to increase under global warming, but this variation was not associated with any species characteristic.<a name="_Hlk1222971"> </a><a name="_Hlk1223032">Overall, body condition responses to global warming are common, but their consequences on reproduction and subsequently population growth contribute relatively little to the total temperature impacts on population dynamics</a>. <a name="_Hlk2255609">Given that warming temperatures have strong effects on population dynamics, understanding the pathways via which temperature impacts population dynamics will be crucial for our ability to predict climate change effects in the future and improve conservation efforts.</a></span></p>
Data from: Consequences of breeding system for body condition and survival throughout the annual cycle of tidal marsh sparrows
An individual's body condition and probability of survival can change throughout the annual cycle, based on the combined effects of many factors, including reproductive investment during breeding, colder temperatures during winter, and elevated risks during migration. We evaluated body condition and survival during breeding and non-breeding periods in two closely related species with notably different reproductive systems. Male and female saltmarsh sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) represent extremes in parental care: males perform none, leaving females to do everything from build nests to care for fledglings. In contrast, male and female seaside sparrows (A. maritimus) have bi-parental care and similar levels of reproductive investment, intermediate between male and female saltmarsh sparrows. Our results are consistent with the idea that females experience non-lethal effects of reproduction, and that differences between the breeding season and winter affect condition. In both species, females had lower scaled mass index (SMI) values than males during both breeding and non-breeding seasons, and female saltmarsh sparrows had lower SMI values than female seaside sparrows. Females carried more fat than males during the breeding season, and female, but not male, fat and muscle scores decreased over time, which is consistent with the adaptive mass hypothesis. In winter, all groups carried more fat and had higher muscle scores than when breeding, despite having lower SMI scores. Although we observed variation in body condition, within-season survival was uniformly high in both seasons, suggesting that sex, species, season, body size, and body condition have little impacts on within season survival. Comparisons with previously-published estimates of annual adult survival suggest that most mortality occurs during migration, even in these short-distance migrants. The importance of considering multiple aspects of body condition, multiple seasons, and difficult-to-monitor events, such as migration, should not be ignored when thinking about the events and processes that cumulatively determine population dynamics.
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