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255 results for “body shape”
Data from: Body shape and mode of propulsion do not constrain routine swimming in coral reef fishes
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Data from: Shorebirds are shrinking and shape-shifting: Declining body size and lengthening bills in the past half-century
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Walking or hanging: the role of habitat use for body shape evolution in lacertid lizards
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High latitude ocean habitats are a crucible of fish body shape diversification
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Shaped by the sun: the effect of exposure to sunlight on the evolution of spider bodies
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Metabolic traits are shaped by phylogenetic conservatism and environment, not just body size
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Data from: No evidence that life history strategies shape within-body mosaics of ageing
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Data and analysis from: Body mass, temperature, and depth shape the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks and rays
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Data and code for: Past and future extinctions shape the body size - fruit size relationship between palms and mammalian frugivores
<p>The dispersal of seeds by mammalian frugivores influences the structure and composition of plant communities, but most ecosystems have undergone defaunation over thousands of years, a process that continues today. Understanding how past defaunation has affected fruit-frugivore interactions will thus provide insights into how ecosystems may respond to future frugivore loss. By integrating palm and mammalian frugivore trait and occurrence data worldwide, we reveal a global positive relationship between fruit size and body size of frugivore assemblages. Global variation in fruit size is better explained by present-day frugivore assemblages compared to those of the Late Pleistocene (including extinct species), suggesting a substantial ecological and evolutionary reorganization after Pleistocene mammal extinctions. Interestingly, the reverse is true for the Neotropics where some large-fruited palm species may have persisted over thousands of years following extinction of their main seed dispersers. Simulations of frugivore extinction over the next 100 years suggest that changes in body size will require up to a 4% assemblage-level decrease in palm fruit sizes to maintain the current global frugivore body size - fruit size relationship. Absolute changes in assemblage-level means of palm fruit size were on average up to two-fold higher than observed species-level estimates of seed size change following defaunation. Overall, our results suggest that while some large-fruited palms may persist after the loss of their main dispersers, many palms may be unable to keep pace with future defaunation through evolutionary changes in fruit size alone. The burden of the impact of the extinction of seed dispersers will probably be disproportionately borne by large-fruited palms, possibly over thousands of years to come.</p>
Encoding and control of airflow orientation by a set of Drosophila fan-shaped body neurons
<p class="Body"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The insect Central Complex (CX) is thought to underlie goal-oriented navigation but its organization is still not fully understood. We recorded from genetically-identified CX cell types in <i>Drosophila</i> and presented directional visual, olfactory, and airflow cues known to elicit orienting behavior. We found that a group of neurons targeting the ventral fan-shaped body (ventral P-FNs) are robustly tuned for airflow direction. Ventral P-FNs did not generate a "map" of airflow direction. Instead, cells in each hemisphere were tuned to 45° ipsilateral, forming a pair of orthogonal bases. Imaging experiments suggest that ventral P-FNs inherit their airflow tuning from neurons that provide input from the lateral accessory lobe (LAL) to the noduli (NO). Silencing ventral P-FNs prevented flies from selecting appropriate corrective turns following changes in airflow direction. Our results identify a group of central complex neurons that robustly encode airflow direction and are required for proper orientation to this stimulus.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Malagasy cichlids differentially limit impacts of body shape evolution on oral jaw functional morphology
Patterns of trait covariation, like integration and modularity, are vital factors that influence the evolution of vertebrate body plans. In functional systems, decoupling of morphological modules buffers functional change in one trait by reducing correlated variation with another. However, for complex morphologies with many-to-one mapping of form to function (MTOM), resistance to functional change may also be achieved by constraining morphological variation within a functionally stable region of morphospace. For this research, we used geometric morphometrics to evaluate the evolution of body shape and its relationship to jaw functional morphology in two independent radiations of endemic Malagasy cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Our results suggested that the two subfamilies used different strategies to mitigate impacts of body shape variation on a metric of jaw function, maxillary kinematic transmission (MKT): (1) modularity between cranial and postcranial morphologies, and (2) integration of body and jaw evolution, with jaw morphologies varying in a manner that limits change in MKT. This research shows that, unlike modularity, MTOM allows traits to retain strong evolutionary covariation while still reducing impacts on functionality. These results suggest that MTOM, and its influence on the evolution of correlated traits, is likely much more widespread than is currently understood.
Hump-shaped relationship between aggregation tendency and body size within fish populations
<p>A distribution with high spatial variability may impair the bet-hedging capacity of a population, threatening population sustainability. Although the association between aggregation and life history traits of a species (e.g. body size) has been documented, the relationship between aggregation and size within a population has rarely been explored. As selective over-fishing may induce size truncation in the targeted stocks,it is critical to understand if such a truncation also undermines the distribution patterns of the population. In this study, we examined if and how the 'aggregation tendency' varies among different size classes of a population. Aggregation tendency was quantified as the exponent b of Taylor's power law (<em>V</em> = <em>a</em> × <em>M<sup>b</sup></em>), which measures the change in spatial variance (<em>V</em>) with the mean abundance (<em>M</em>) of a population. We estimated b by size class for each of the nine commercially important fish species in the North Sea, using ICES survey data from 1991 to 2015. Our study found that the relationship between b and body size within a population is hump-shaped, with a peak slightly larger than the 50% mature length of the species. This result indicates larger adults in a population tend to distribute less heterogeneously when abundance increases, suggesting that larger size classes play a critical role in reducing the variability of population distribution. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the combined effects of fishing-induced size truncation and changes in aggregation patterns in fishery management. That is, maintaining the size and spatial structure for the target stocks of selective fisheries is critical for the sustainability of the populations.</p>
Parallel Body Shape Divergence in the Neotropical Fish Genus Rhoadsia (Teleostei: Characidae) Along Elevational Gradients of the Western Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes
<p>TPS files for geometric morphometric analysis of body shape data of Rhoadsia spp. (Teleostei: Characidae) collected in western Ecuador.</p>
Parallel Body Shape Divergence in the Neotropical Fish Genus Rhoadsia (Teleostei: Characidae) Along Elevational Gradients of the Western Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes
<p>Morphological data collected from specimens of Rhoadsia spp. (Teleostei: Characidae) in western Ecuador. Excel file with individual standard length (SL), body depth (BD), size-adjusted fineness ratio (Adj_FR), and size-adjusted canonical variates analysis scores on axes 1 and 2 (Adj_CV1, Adj_CV2).</p>
Data for: Phylogenetic structure of body shape in a diverse inland ichthyofauna
<p>Body shape is a fundamental metric of animal diversity affecting critical behavioral and ecological dynamics and conservation status, yet previously available methods <span>capture only a fraction of total body-shape variance</span>. <span>Here we use structure-from-motion (SFM) 3D </span>photogrammetry to generate digital 3D models of adult fishes from the Lower Mississippi Basin, one of the most diverse temperate-zone freshwater faunas on Earth, and 3D geometric morphometrics to capture morphologically distinct shape variables, interpreting <span>principal components as growth fields. The mean body shape in this fauna resembles plesiomorphic teleost fishes, and the major dimensions of body-shape disparity are similar to those of other fish faunas worldwide. Major p</span>atterns of b<span>ody-shape disparity are structured by phylogeny, with nested clades occupying distinct portions of the morphospace, </span>most of the morphospace occupied by multiple distinct clades, and one clade (Acanthomorpha) accounting for over half of the total body shape variance.<span> In contrast to previous studies, variance in </span>body depth (59.4%) structures overall body-shape disparity more than does length (31.1%), while width accounts for a non-trivial (9.5%) amount of the total body-shape disparity.</p>
Environmental context shapes the relationship between grass consumption and body size in African herbivore communities
<p>Though herbivore grass dependence has been shown to increase with body size across herbivore species, it is unclear whether this relationship holds at the community level. Here we evaluate whether grass consumption scales positively with body size within African large mammalian herbivore communities and how this relationship varies with environmental context. We used stable carbon isotope and community occurrence data to investigate how grass dependence scales with body size within 23 savanna herbivore communities throughout eastern and central Africa. We found that dietary grass fraction increased with body size for the majority of herbivore communities considered, especially when complete community data were available. However, the slope of this relationship varied, and rainfall seasonality and elephant presence were key drivers of the variation—grass dependence increased less strongly with body size where rainfall was more seasonal and where elephants were present. We found also that the dependence of the herbivore community as a whole on grass peaked at intermediate woody cover. Intraspecific diet variation contributed to these community-level patterns: common hippopotamus (<em>Hippopotamus amphibius</em>) and giraffe (<em>Giraffa camelopardalis</em>) ate less grass where rainfall was more seasonal, whereas Cape buffalo (<em>Syncerus caffer</em>) and savanna elephant (<em>Loxodonta africana</em>)<strong> </strong>grass consumption were parabolically related to woody cover. Our results indicate that general rules appear to govern herbivore community assembly, though some aspects of herbivore foraging behavior depend upon local environmental context.</p>
Evolution of body size and wing shape trade-offs in arsenurine silkmoths
<p>One of the key objectives in biological research is understanding how evolutionary processes have produced Earth's diversity. A critical step towards revealing these processes is an investigation of evolutionary tradeoffs – that is, the opposing pressures of multiple selective forces. For millennia, nocturnal moths have had to balance successful flight, as they search for mates or host plants, with evading bat predators. However, the potential for evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape and body size are poorly understood. In this study, we used phylogenomics and geometric morphometrics to examine the evolution of wing shape in the wild silkmoth subfamily Arsenurinae (Saturniidae) and evaluate potential evolutionary relationships between body size and wing shape. The phylogeny was inferred based on 782 loci from target capture data of 42 arsenurine species representing all 10 recognized genera. After detecting in our data one of the most vexing problems in phylogenetic inference – a region of a tree that possesses short branches and no "support" for relationships (i.e., a polytomy), we looked for hidden phylogenomic signal (i.e., inspecting differing phylogenetic inferences, alternative support values, quartets, and phylogenetic networks) to better illuminate the most probable generic relationships within the subfamily.</p> <p>We found there are putative evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape, body size, and the interaction of fore- and hindwing shape. Namely, body size tends to decrease with increasing hindwing length but increases as forewing shape becomes more complex. Additionally, the type of hindwing (i.e., tail or no tail) a lineage possesses has a significant effect on the complexity of forewing shape. We outline possible selective forces driving the complex hindwing shapes that make Arsenurinae, and silkmoths as a whole, so charismatic.</p>
Diversification of body shape in catfishes of the Ganga River
<p>Catfishes of the order Siluriformes are an exceptionally diverse group occupying significant fraction of the world's freshwater ichthyofauna. Catfish species renders a model system for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. However, there is dearth of knowledge on the phylogenetic history with reference to morphological diversity of catfishes in the Ganga River. Geometric morphometrics is an efficient approach to quantify shape variations and has lately found application in range of taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. This study utilizes photographs of 39 Gangetic catfishes to evaluate inter-specific phenotypic relationship through geometric morphometrics. PERMANOVA revealed significant relationship (F = 4.50, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) between shape of all the species. Procrustes ANOVA revealed significant relationship between shape and size (F = 17.67,<em> p</em> < 0.0001) and between shape (F = 34.95, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) of all species. The first two principal components of PCA accounted for 69.41% (PC1 44.41% and PC2 25.00%) of the total variance while the first two canonical variates of CVA accounted for 55.89% (CV1 34.06% and CV2 21.83%) of the total variance. The CVA-extracted Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances were found to be highly significant (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) between distinct groups and non-significant (p > 0.0001) between closely related groups. Morphospace phenogram depicted that the species under <em>Mystus, Sperata, Glyptothorax, Ompok, Eutropiichthys, Bagarius</em> and <em>Gagata </em>clustered together in their respective genus, indicating that species of respective genus share common phenotypic traits and have evolutionary relatedness. Species like <em>Chaca chaca, Clarias magur, Sisor rabdophorus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Silonia silondia</em> and <em>Clupisoma garua</em> showed clear distinctness, which may be attributed to different set of morphological traits. The study affirms the implication of geometric morphometrics in discriminating Gangetic catfishes and showcasing phenotypic relatedness between respective groups. This study has high implications in understanding the ecological and evolutionary problems in relation to morphological diversity in catfishes.</p>
Data from: Mosaic adaptive peak shifts underlie body shape diversification in Pelagiaria fishes (Acanthomorpha: Percomorpha)
<p>Extreme body elongation in fishes is a major evolutionary transformation that extends the boundaries of morphological diversity and alters aspects of function, behavior, and ecology. Prior studies have identified features of the cranial and axial skeleton that characterize elongate fishes, but a lack of detailed reconstructions of anatomical evolution has limited inferences about factors that underlie major shifts in body shape. In this study, we fit multi-peak adaptive (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) evolutionary models to species body shape and anatomical dimensions in Pelagiaria, a radiation of open-ocean fishes whose species span a continuum from deep-bodied to highly elongate. We inferred an ancestral fusiform adaptive peak that is retained by several major pelagiarian lineages (e.g., Scombridae) and found robust support for multiple transitions to deep-bodied (in the families Stromateidae, Bramidae, and Caristiidae) and elongate-bodied optima (within Trichiuroidei), including two instances of sequential shifts toward increasingly elongate optima that followed distinct paths of anatomical evolution. Within Trichiuridae, initial increases in head length and vertebral number were followed by changes in head and vertebral shape. Within an elongate-bodied subclade of taxa traditionally identified as 'gempylids', shifts in head and vertebral shape as well as number of precaudal vertebrae preceded an increase in number of caudal vertebrae. Altogether, this mosaic of anatomical peak shifts suggests that body shape transformations were associated with differing selective demands and developmental changes.</p>
Evolutionary rates and shape variation along the anuran vertebral column with attention to phylogeny, body size, and ecology
<p><span>The vertebral column is critical to a vertebrate species' flexibility and skeletal support, making vertebrae a clear target for selection. Anur</span><span>ans (frogs and toads) have a unique, truncated vertebral column that appears constrained to provide axial rigidity for efficient jumping. However, no study has examined how presacral vertebrae shape varies among anuran species at the macroevolutionary scale nor how intrinsic (developmental and phylogenetic) and extrinsic (ecological) factors may have influenced vertebrae shape evolution. We used microCT scans and phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the vertebrae of hundreds of anuran species that vary in body size as well as adult and larval ecology. We found variation in shape and evolutionary rates among anuran vertebrae, dispelling any notion that trunk vertebrae evolve uniformly. We discovered the highest evolutionary rates in the cervical vertebrae and in the more caudal trunk vertebrae. We found little evidence for selection pressures related to adult or larval ecology affecting vertebrae evolution, but we did find body size was highly associated with vertebrae shape and microhabitat (mainly burrowing) affected those allometric relationships. Our results provide an interesting comparison to vertebrae evolution in other clades and a jumping-off point for studies of anuran vertebrae evolution and development.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.