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Fig. 7 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 7. Bone microstructure of juvenile femur (A) and tibia (B) of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. ZPAL MgD-II/407; outer cortex (A1), showing small patches of parallel-fibered bone (light blue) and multiple primary osteons; canals are arranged longitudinally and the more internal cortex bears forming erosion lacunae; inner cortex (A2). B. ZPAL MgD-II/408, section of the whole compacta showing coarse cancellous bone lined with endosteal lamellar bone in perimedullar region (B1); tibial cortex displaying polishing lines indicated by arrows (B2, B3). Yellow arrowheads show outer bone perimeter. A1, B, polarized light; A2, normal light. Abbreviations: ccnb, coarse cancellous bone; cl, cement lines; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons.

Fig. 9 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 9. Bone microstructure in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Ulna ZPAL MgD-II/8, matrix in the outer (A1) and mid-cortex (A2), perimedullar region with endosteally-formed lamellar bone (A3). B. Fibula ZPAL MgD-II/11b; note well formed LAGs (blue arrowheads) and annulus in the cortex (B1); deeper cortex shows signs of remodeling and multiple secondary osteons (B2). C. Femur ZPAL MgD-II/11a, compacta showing wider zones of fast growing woven-fibered bone intersected by thin annuli of parallel-fibered bone (red arrowheads) in the mid-cortex (C1, C3); condensation of the parallel-fibered bone zones in the outer cortex (C2). A, polarized light (quartz wedge); B, normal light; C, polarized light. White arrows point outward. Abbreviations: an, annulus; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered.

Fig. 4 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 4. Bone microstructure of parietal frill in subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous ZPAL MgD-II/3a). A. Sagittal section through the distal frill margin (A2, magnification of the outer layer, magnified inset). B. Tangential section of the distal frill margin (B2, magnified fragment). C. Sagittal section of frill plate; note the discrete zonation, compactness of the tissue, and acute angle fiber arrangement. B1, C2, normal light; A, B2, C1, polarized light.

Fig. 2 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 2. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. The shaft of the juvenile femur (ZPAL MgD-II/407) formed by a woven-fibered bone tissue; A2, detail of A1. B. The shaft of the subadult tibia (ZPAL MgD-II/35c) showing scarce erosion lacunae in the perimedullar region; B1, detail of B2. A1, B2, polarized light; A2, polarized light (quartz wedge); B1, normal light. Abbreviations: medcav, medullar cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons (scarce).

Fig. 3 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 3. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A) and Bayn Dzak (B–D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A, B. Osteocyte lacunae (arrows) in cortex of subadult tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c (A) and juvenile femur ZPAL MgD-II/407 (B). C. ZPAL MgDII/11b, adult fibula showing in situ arrangement and abundance of fossilized fibers (arrows) in the cortex (C1) and a structure of the trabeculae with wovenfibered bone in the core lined with lamellar bone (C2). D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, subadult femur with flocculated collagenous fibers (arrows) at the polished cross section. A–C, D1, normal light; D2, UV light. Abbreviations: lb, lamellar bone; rad, radial canals; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 6 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 6. Cross-section of the rib of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/3); note the external cortex made of primary bone and extensively remodeled core formed by coarse cancellous bone tissue; in normal (A) and polarized (B) light.

Fig. 8 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 8. Bone microstructure of subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A, C, E) and Bayn Dzak (B, D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/35a, total view of the compacta displaying patches of parallel-fibered bone (light bands) intercalated by zones of woven-fibered bone with multiple primary osteons (dark bands); note erosion lacunae in the inner cortex. B. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/15, external cortex showing primary osteons and plies of the parallel fibered bone matrix (B1), perimedullar region showing lamellar bone lining erosion lacunae in primary woven-fibered bone tissue (B2). C, D. Compacta of femora. C. ZPAL MgD-II/35b, section showing modulations in canal arrangement and bone matrix; C1, general picture of the whole bone wall; C2, magnification illustrating thick band (yellow arrows) of the parallel-fibered bone and longitudinal canals changing orientation to radial (white arrows); C3, section placed closer to the epiphysis, showing stronger zonation in bone matrix type; C4, deep cortex showing enlarged canals in a woven-fibered bone. D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, cortex showing ill defined annulus and less clear modulations of the bone matrix. E. Tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c, whole compacta (E1) and deep cortex (E2). The section displays a typical fibrolamellar bone complex with zonation in the bone matrix. The outer cortex displays zones of parallel-fibered bone matrix intercalated with the zones of more chaotically oriented collagen fibers, the perimedullar region shows larger erosion lacunae filled with endosteally formed lamellar bone (E2). A, C1, D, E, polarized light; B, C2–C4, polarized light quartz wedge). Abbreviations: an, annulus; el, erosion lacunae; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 5 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 5. Bone microstructure of the parietal frill in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/33). A. Sagittal section. B, C. Transversal sections; note the condensations of the fossilized collagen fibers strengthening the porous tissue (B) and the formation of the small erosion lacunae at the external surface of the frill (C). A, B1, C, normal light; B2, B3, polarized light.

Fig. 5 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 5. The skeletons of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 subadult (IVPP V14748, A; IVPP V18344, B) and adult P. lujiatunensis (IVPP V18343, C) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous.

Fig. 4 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 4. Bone microstructure in juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right humerus (IVPP V14341.1, A), right radius (IVPP V14341.6, B), left tibia (IVPP V14341.5, C). Endosteal bone (arrow) showing in the inner most cortex and medullary cavity of right ulna (IVPP V14341.6, D), right radius (IVPP V14341.6, E), right femur (IVPP V14341.1, F), right fibula (IVPP V14341.1, G). Sharpey's fibres (arrows) in left tibia (IVPP V14341.5, H). Photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1, H1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2, D, E, F, G, H2), line drawings (A3–C3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines). Abbreviation: ec, erosion cavity.

Fig. 1 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 1. The cluster of hatchling ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V16902) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous.

Fig. 2 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 2. Bone microstructure in hatchling ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V16902.1) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. A–C. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of tibia (A) and details (B, C); photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2), crossed plane-polarized light (B3, C3). A3, line drawing showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green) and radial vascular canals (red). Arrows indicate simple primary vascular canals.

Fig. 3 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 3. Bone microstructure in juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V14341.1) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. A–C. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right tibia (A), the outer most cortex (B), the inner most cortex (C); photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2), crossed plane-polarized light (B3, C3); line drawing (A3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines).

Fig. 6 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 6. Bone microstructure in subadult ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right radius (IVPP V18344, A), left femur (IVPP V18344, B), left tibia (IVPP V14748, C), left fibula (IVPP V14748, D, E), left femur (IVPP 18344, F), left tibia (IVPP V18344, G). E–G show the endosteal bone (arrows). Photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–D1), elliptically polarized light (A2–D2, E–G); line drawings (A3–C3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines). Abbreviation: so, secondary osteons.

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Fig. 4 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism

Fig. 4. Flow diagram explaining the peculiar patterns of remodelling seen in the Aust Cliff bones BRSMG Cb3869 and Cb3870. In a simple vascular canal, lamellar bone is deposited centripetally forming a primary osteon. In the Aust Cliff shafts, the inner lamellae of this primary osteon are later resorbed from the inside. When erosion stops before the entire primary osteon is resorbed, leaving a resorption line within the primary osteon, new lamellae can be deposited and a secondary osteon forms within the primary one. With ongoing resorption, an erosion cavity forms, the size of which exceeds the one of the former primary osteon. When resorption stops, deposition of lamellar bone can resume.

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Fig. 1 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism

Fig. 1. Photographs in different views of long bone shafts of BRSMG Cb3870 (A) and Cb3869 (B) from the Westbury Formation of Aust Cliff near Bristol, UK; in anterior (A 1, B 1),?lateral (A 2, B 2), posterior (A 3, B 3),?medial (A 4, B 4), proximal (B 5) and distal (A 6, B 6) views; cut and ground surface in distal view (A 5). The specimens represent notably straight shafts of large long bones, presumably femora. Core sample location indicated by the black circle. Note that in BRSMG Cb3870 only a small area of outer bone surface is preserved, constraining the sample location. Modified from Galton (2005).

Fig. 2 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 2. Selected photographs of the thin−sections used in this study in normal light. Cortical thicknesses are marked with a bracket. A. Neural of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976 (UNEFM−101), late Miocene Urumaco Fm., Venezuela, South America. Internal and external cortices are of similar thickness. B. Costal fragment A of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976 (UNEFM−CIAPP−2002−01; same provenance as in A). The plane of sectioning is perpendicular to the long−axis of the carapace (L−section). Both cortices are not clearly defined (signalized with question marks) due to diagenetic processes. C. Neural and costal (YPM 11853) of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824), Recent red−headed Amazon River turtle, South America (provenance unknown). Both cortices are of similar thickness. D. Costal (FM P27406) of Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940), Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Mooreville Chalk, Selma Group, Dallas County, Alabama, USA. The internal cortex is reduced. E. Neural (YPM 40288) of Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856), Late Cretaceous, New Jersey, USA. The internal cortex is reduced. F. Plastral fragment (?hyo− or hypoplastron, IPB R559a) of "Foxemys cf. F. mechinorum", Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian), Cruzy, Hérault, southern France. The internal cortex is reduced. G. Drilled core of costal (MVZ 230517) of Pelomedusa subrufa (Bonnaterre, 1789), a Recent African helmeted turtle (provenance unknown). The keratinous shield still covers the bone. H. Xiphiplastron of Hesperotestudo (Caudochelys) crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889) (ROM 55400), Pleistocene, Florida, USA. Internal and external cortices that frame cancellous bone are of equal thickness. I. Shell element (YPM 1783) of Archelon ischyros Wieland, 1896, Late Cretaceous, South Dakota, USA. The bone tissue is uniformly cancellous. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; ECO, external cortex; ICO, internal cortex; KS, keratinous shield. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 6. Bone histology of Pelomedusa subrufa (Bonnaterre, 1789); Recent, Africa (provenance unknown). Thin−section of a sampled costal (MVZ 230517). A. The whole of the thin−section observed in polarized light. The diploe build of the shell is apparent below a keratinous shield (see also Fig. 2G). Only a thin layer of connective tissue is present in between the shield tissue and the bone tissue. The plane of sectioning lies perpendicular to the incorporated rib in the costal. In the thin−section, the former rib is only seen as a dorsoventrally thickened amount of cancellous bone and the slightly curved internal cortex. B. Detail of the external cortex of the costal in polarized light where the interwoven fiber bundles are interspersed with primary osteons. Bone cell lacunae that appear within the whole of the cortical bone are rather of round shapes. C. Detail of the parallel−fibered bone of the internal cortex of the costal. Below the surface of the bone, a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue is still present. Abbreviations: CL, bone cell lacunae; CT, connective tissue; ECO, external cortex; ICO, internal cortex; ISF, interwoven structural collagenous fiber bundles; KS, keratinous shield; PFB, parallel−fibered bone; PO, primary osteon, SF, structural collagenous fiber bundles; TR, bone trabeculae.

Fig. 4 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 4. Bone histology of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824). Sampled costal (YPM 11853) of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824), the Recent red−headed Amazon River turtle, South America (provenance unknown). A. Photomicrograph of thin−section in polarized light. The diploe structure of the shell is clearly visible. Cortices are of similar size and show growth marks. The interior cancellous bone is largely remodeled by secondary osteons. B. Detail of external cortex in polarized light showing a succession of growth marks (small white arrows) in the interwoven fibrous bone tissue disturbed by a semicircular area of secondary bone remodeling. C. Close−up of the margin of remodeled area seen in B in normal transmitted light. Note the scalloped line and adjacent bone cell lacunae between the primary tissue with growth marks and the secondary bone. D. Same view as in C, seen in polarized light. The Ą

Fig. 7 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function

Fig. 7. Bone histology of Hesperotestudo (Caudochelys) crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889) and Archelon ischyros Wieland, 1896. A. Sampled costal (ROM 55400) of Hesperotestudo (Caudochelys) crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889), Pleistocene of Florida, USA. A1. External cortex observed in normal transmitted light. Vascularization of the cortical bone is observed in form of primary osteons and straight or branching primary canals. Larger scattered secondary osteons are only developed in the direct vicinity of the interior cancellous bone A2. Same detail as in A1, observed in polarized light. Interwoven structural fiber bundles appear like a closely knit fabric. Note how some primary osteons trend almost perpendicular to the surface of the bone. A3. Internal cortex observed in normal light. Note that the layers next to the surface of the bone are sparsely vascularized. Rounded bone cell lacunae appear in clusters in the