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Figure 5 in Breeding biology review of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil and a case study in the largest restinga protected area (Aves, Charadriiformes, Recurvirostridae)

Figure 5. Footprints records of possible predators and cattle trampling near nests of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park. (A) Footprints of domestic dogs and trampling of cattle in the Visgueiro lagoon (2018). (B) crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) footprints, and (C) crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) footprints in adjacent area (2020). Photos: Lucas R.M. Porto.

Figure 4 in Breeding biology review of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil and a case study in the largest restinga protected area (Aves, Charadriiformes, Recurvirostridae)

Figure 4. Predated/degraded eggs of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park in October 2018. A, B and C: Colony 1 (Visgueiro), D: Colony 2 (Maria Menina). Photos: Lucas R.M. Porto.

Figure 3 in Breeding biology review of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil and a case study in the largest restinga protected area (Aves, Charadriiformes, Recurvirostridae)

Figure 3. Frequency of occurrence of the materials used to build the nests of the White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and adjacent area.

Figure 2 in Breeding biology review of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil and a case study in the largest restinga protected area (Aves, Charadriiformes, Recurvirostridae)

Figure 2. Nests of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus monitored in Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and adjacent area. A = Nest built with saltmarsh plant Sesuvium portulacastrum L. and suspended over cattle feces; B = Nest with dry saltmarsh plant and mud fragments; C = Nest with shells, saltmarsh plant and mud; D = Nest with mud and dry saltmarsh plant fragments. Photos: Lucas R.M. Porto.

Figure 6 in Breeding biology review of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil and a case study in the largest restinga protected area (Aves, Charadriiformes, Recurvirostridae)

Figure 6. Successful nesting records of the White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and adjacent area. (A) White-backed Stilt chicks found in Visgueiro lagoon (September 2018); (B) Hatchling and eggs in the Maria Menina Lagoon (October 2018); (C and D) Chicks in the nests in Ubatuba lagoon (September 2019). Photos: Lucas R.M. Porto.

Figure 1 in Breeding biology review of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil and a case study in the largest restinga protected area (Aves, Charadriiformes, Recurvirostridae)

Figure 1. Breeding records of White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus in Brazil (WikiAves – blue, eBird – orange and literature – yellow, Table 2) and this study area (red) with colonies identified in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park and adjacent area, in 2018, 2019 and 2020, in the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro state. *Colonies: 1 = Visgueiro/2018; 2 = Maria Menina/2018; 3 = Robalo/2018; 4 = Ubatuba/2019; 5 = Visgueiro/2020; 6 = Adjacent Area/2020.

Figure 9 in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 9. Number of Cinclodes pabsti nests in laying, incubation, and nestling phenophases, and the total number of active nests out of 52 nesting cavities monitored in the 2010-2011 breeding season in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil.

Figure 7A-7D in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 7A-7D. Nestlings of Cinclodes pabsti recorded in the breeding season of 2010-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. (7A and 7B) istribution of brown, natal, down feathers (neossoptiles) in the semi-covered body, with closed eyes and opened ears in the new hatchling; (7C and 7D) body covered by feathers, except for the neossoptiles in the feather cannons of the wings and tail at 11 days of age.

Figure 6A-6B in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 6A-6B. Nest of Cinclodes pabsti from Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil, collected in the breeding season of 2009-2010. (6A) top view; and (6B) side view of Cinclodes pabsti nest showing the shape and materials used in the construction. (Table 3), which were used to form a moderately deep clutch, with the nestlings hatching not more than 4 h apart. cup. In addition to these materials, the pair would deposit The nestling bodies were half-covered with brown, natal chaff and wing and tail feathers of non-Passerine species down feathers (neossoptiles) distributed over the head, along the entrance tunnel over the excreta of the nest- wings, back, sides, thighs, and belly (Figs. 7A and 7B). The lings during the nestling phase, possibly to avoid contact body mass of the nestlings at hatching (n = 18) ranged with it as they entered and exited the nest to attend the from 4.0 to 7.0 g (6.0 ± 1.0 g). The eyes opened partially at nestlings. Owl pellets, fresh sheep droppings, pieces of 4 days of age, and pin feather sheaths developed on the mammal skin with fur, and pellets of wool from sheep wings, tail, and some regions of the back, chest, and belly and wild mammals around the nest were often recorded at 6 days of age. The nestlings were covered by feathers in the nesting chamber of C. pabsti (Table 3). Oviposition at 11 days of age, except for the neossoptiles beside the occurred at 24 h intervals, and incubation began only af- feather sheath in the wings and tail (Figs. 7C and 7D). The ter laying was complete (maximum clutch size of three). nestlings reached their maximum body mass at 16 days The nests remained vacant until laying was complete. of age, ranging from 56 to 63 g (59.6 ± 2.4 g). Nestlings A total of 748 eggs produced in 295 nesting events weighed on average 58.0 ± 4.6 g at the final weigh-in a day in 136 monitored nesting cavities were recorded before leaving the nest, exceeding the average body mass during the three reproduction seasons (Table 4). Most of adults in the breeding season, where the body mass nesting cavities were home to only a single breed- of males was 52.0 ± 2.4 g (n = 6) and that of females was ing event (n = 113 nests), while 55 were home to two 54.4 ± 3.4 g (n = 17) (Table 7). The parental pair removed (n = 110 nests), and 11 were home to three complete and fecal sacs from the nest in the days following the hatching consecutive reproductive events (n = 33 nests), high- of chicks and covered feces along the tunnel floor with lighting the reutilization of cavities within and across several materials as the nestlings grew and the defecation breeding seasons. It was seen that certain cavities were rate increased. The time spent in the cavity by the parents used throughout the year, whereas others were used decreased as the days passed. The parents remained near only during the reproductive season. As a rule, cavities the nesting cavity on the day that the nestlings left the that were used repeatedly during the breeding season nest but were not seen feeding the nestlings. No differwere also used in the non-breeding season. The clutch ences were found in the average morphometric measuresize ranged from 1 to 3 eggs. Three eggs were recorded in ments between the sexes in adults of C. pabsti (Table 7). most of the nests (81%) (Table 5), two eggs in 4.8% of the Figure 8 shows the 148-day breeding chronology nests (n = 14 nests), and only one egg in 1% of the nests of C. pabsti in the 2010-2011 breeding season. It began (n = 3 nests). No egg-laying was observed in 15 finished with the first egg laid on August 15, 2010, and ended nests, while 24 nest cavities were inaccessible (Table 5). with fledgling by the last nestling on January 9, 2011. The eggs of C. pabsti (n = 155) obtained from 57 nests The duration of the reproductive phases of C. pabsti during the three breeding seasons were elliptical in (incubation, nestling, and interval between two reshape, with a pure, translucent white coloration (Table 6). productive events) did not seem to vary a lot between The length ranged from 22.2 to 29.6 mm (27.2 ± 1.3 mm), pairs and breeding events. The incubation phase in the breadth from 17.4 to 22.4 mm (20.9 ± 0.8 mm), and the first reproductive event (n = 25 nests) ranged from the mass from 3.0 to 8.0 g (6.1 ± 0.7 g) (Table 6). 17 to 19 days (17.2 ± 0.5 days) and the nestling phase The nestlings hatched with their ears open and eyes (n = 23 nests) from 17 to 22 days (18.4 ± 1.8 days), while sealed. Hatching was highly synchronous within each the interval between the first and second reproductive

Figure 5A-5F in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 5A-5F. Physical characteristics of cavities used by Cinclodes pabsti as nesting cavities between 2008 and 2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. (5A) number of nesting cavities by soil/substrate types; (5B) number of cavities by distance class interval of cavity entrance from the top of road cuts; (5C) number of cavities by height class interval of cavity entrance from ground; (5D) number of cavities by depth class intervals; (5E) number of cavities by height class interval of cavity entrance; and (5F) number of cavities by width class interval of cavity entrance.

Figure 4 in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 4. Venn diagram showing the reuse of cavities by Cinclodes pabsti between the breeding seasons of 2008-2009, 2009-2010, and 2010-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil.

Figure 2A-2B in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 2A-2B. Hand-held net used to capture adult birds of Cinclodes pabsti in their nests in the breeding seasons of 2008-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil.

Figure 3A-3D in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 3A-3D. Road cuts with the presence of holes used by Cinclodes pabsti as nesting cavities in the breeding seasons of 2008-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. (3A) road cut with the presence of one nesting cavity in the B horizon of Inceptisol; (3B) researcher taking the measurements of the hole; (3C) road cut with the presence of several cavities side by side in the thin organic soil layer; (3D) detail of cavity proximity from the top of the road cut.

Figure 8 in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 8. Breeding chronology of Cinclodes pabsti during the breeding season of 2010-2011 based on the monitoring of eight nests in three nesting cavities in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. Scheme of phenophases based on Faria et al. (2008), evidencing: 08/15/2011 – Beginning of the 2010-2011 breeding season with the laying of the first egg in the nest of nesting cavity NC09 [Nesting Cavity 09]; 08/18/2010 – Beginning of the incubation phase of three eggs in the nest of the nesting cavity NC09 [Nesting Cavity 09]; and 01/09/2011 – End of the 2010-2011 breeding season with the nestlings fledgling from the nesting cavity NC10 [Nesting Cavity 10].

Figure 5 in Breeding biology of the red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio, in the Kızılırmak Delta in the north of Turkey

Figure 5. Laying time of the red-backed shrikes.

Figure 2 in Breeding biology of the red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio, in the Kızılırmak Delta in the north of Turkey

Figure 2. Nest plants of the red-backed shrikes (n = 108) in the Kızılırmak Delta during 2011–2012.

Figure 6 in Breeding biology of the red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio, in the Kızılırmak Delta in the north of Turkey

Figure 6. Clutch size distribution of the red-backed shrikes.

Figure 3 in Breeding biology of the red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio, in the Kızılırmak Delta in the north of Turkey

Figure 3. Distribution of the orientations of the red-backed shrike nests in the supporting plants.

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Breeding biology data for two sympatric small procellariiform seabirds in south-eastern Australia

<p>Data on breeding phenology, breeding success and chick growth in sympatric common diving petrels and fairy prions in south-eastern Australia. </p>