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Fig. 3 in Effect of temperature on growth, reproductive activity, and survival of the invasive bromeliad-eating weevil Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 3. Oviposition rate of Metamasius callizona at 7 temperatures. Results with the same letter are statistically similar; determined using analysis of variance and Tukey's method of multiple comparisons; α = 0.05; data collected daily from 10 females ovipositing for 14 d.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2018View details →

A precipitation gradient drives change in macroinvertebrate composition and interactions within bromeliads.

Tank bromeliads accumulate water inside their leaf axils, providing habitat for communities of aquatic macro invertebrates. Here we sampled the macro invertebrate community in 100 bromeliads along the sand dunes of coastal Brazil in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. We sampled ten sites, seven of which were within the Jurubatiba National Park in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The other three sites were located in the sand dunes of Arraial do Cabo (Rio de Janeiro), Marica (Rio de Janeiro), and Ilha Bela (Sao Paulo). We sampled all macroinvertebrate communities between March and May 2015. In each site, we dissected ten bromeliads (totalling 100 bromeliads across all sites) to collect all the invertebrates in each plant. Macroinvertebrates were counted and identified to genus level whenever possible.  For every bromeliad, we measured a suite of  environmental variables to assess the amount and quality of habitat available to the invertebrates including: the height (cm) and diameter (cm, measured as the maximum distance between leaf tips) of the plant, maximum water volume (mL, calculated by emptying the plant and calculating how much water the plant could hold before it overflowed), actual water volume (mL), longest leaf length (cm), longest leaf width (cm), number of leaves, canopy cover (% of shaded pixels in photos taken looking directly up from the bromeliad), total detritus (g dry mass), pH, oxygen concentration (% saturation), salinity (ppt), temperature (oC), and turbidity (NTU). Water chemistry and temperature variables were measured using a portable multiparameter waterproof meter in the field as soon as the water was collected from the plant. The zip file contains two csv files. Environment contains all the environmental variables described above, and Species_presence contains the species ID and whether it is present in a given bromeliad.

Fig. 2 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature

Fig. 2. (A) A downward vertical view (in situ) of Aechmea zebrina (foreground center left, and at lower elevation in upper right and center right) and a cluster of Aechmea tessmannii (center, with one in bloom) bromeliads in the tree canopy from ~34 m. (B) A community of A. zebrina bromeliads at ~38 m (in situ). (C) An A. zebrina bromeliad (ex situ) inside screen tent being measured and prepared for dismantling, collected from ~44 m in the canopy. Notice the more upright leaves and reddish color because of increased sun exposure due to high canopy location.

Fig. 5 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature

Fig. 5. Box plots of recorded habitat variables for Aechmea zebrina bromeliads collected from all trees, bromeliads with ≥1 metamorphosed anuran, and bromeliads absent of anurans. Asterisks represent the mean, open circles are outliers, horizontal line inside box is the median, top and bottom lines of the rectangle are the 3rd and 1st quartiles (Q3 and Q1), respectively, and the top and bottom whiskers are maximum and minimum values excluding outliers, respectfully.

Fig. 1 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature

Fig. 1. (A) Map of South America with Ecuador (shaded light blue) and Yasuní National Park (solid dark green) highlighted. The Amazon ecoregion is outlined with light green line. (B) Northeastern section of Yasuní National Park (light gray line) and surrounding region where trees were sampled for Aechmea zebrina bromeliads within the vicinity of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station – Universidad San Francisco de Quito (TBS) and the Yasuní Research Station – Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (YRS). (C) Detail of TBS where trees were sampled for A. zebrina bromeliads. Note: Map is modified from Figure 2 in McCracken and Forstner (2014) and used under the Creative Commons Attribution license.

Fig. 4 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature

Fig. 4. The Banded cat-eyed snake, Leptodeira annulata, collected in an Aechmea zebrina bromeliad at 43.5 m above the forest floor.

Fig. 3. A in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature

Fig. 3. A collection of anurans collected from Aechmea zebrina bromeliads. (A) Pristimantis aureolineatus hiding in leaf axil, and (B) on a leaf of A. zebrina. (C) Pristimantis waoranii emerging from leaf axil, and (D) on a leaf of A. zebrina. (E) Ranitomeya ventrimaculata and (F) Scinax ruber collected from A. zebrina bromeliads.

Figure 2 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)

Figure 2. Mean number (¡SE) of Psecas chapoda per Bromelia balansae with no inflorescence, from May 1998 to April 2000 (N53516 spiders).

Figure 1 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)

Figure 1. Fluctuations in the number of Psecas chapoda and egg sacs (log) on bromeliads with and without inflorescence, and the frequency (%) of bromeliads in bloom (with inflorescence or infrutescence) between May 1998 and April 2000 (N53516 spiders and 314 egg sacs).

Figure 5 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)

Figure 5. Mean number (¡SE) of spiders Psecas chapoda on bromeliads that produced inflorescence between August and December and on bromeliads that did not produce inflorescence until December, in 1998 (A) and 1999 (B). The frequency (%) of bromeliads that bloomed up to December is also shown.

Figure 4 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)

Figure 4. Phenogram of the Psecas chapoda population on plants of Bromelia balansae without inflorescence, from May 1998 to April 2000 (N53516 spiders).

Figs 54 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 54í62. First instar larva of Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937. 54í55 – antenna (54 – dorsal view, 55 – ventral view); 56í57 – maxilla (56 – ventral view, 57 – dorsal view); 58í59 – labium (58 – ventral view, 59 – dorsal view); 60 – right mandible, dorsal view; 61 – prosternum; 62 – mesothoracic leg, anterior view.

Figs 29 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 29í32.Adult morphology of Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937, SEM micrographs. 29 – mesofemur; 30 – apical portion of elytra; 31 – microsculpture of the clypeus; 32 – trichobothrium on the elytron.

Figs 18 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 18í23. Biology of Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937. 18 – micropool in the rosette of Neoregelia sp., a typical habitat; 19 – egg cases attached at the inner face of a bromeliad leaf; 20 – third instar larva and pupa in the detritus accumulated in the bromeliad rosette; 21í22 – pupa in the broken pupal chamber (21 – dorsal view; 22 – ventral view); 23 – adults staying submerged among bromeliad leaves in the rearing box. Figs 18í19, 23: photo B. Clarkson in Ubatuba Municipality, São Paulo; Figs 20í22: photo by F. F. Albertoni in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina.

Figs 15 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 15 í17. Aedeagus. 15 – Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937; 16 – L. saundersi Orchymont, 1937; 17 – Phaenostoma urichi (Scott, 1912).

Figs 11 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 11í14. Morphological details of Lachnodacnum Orchymont, 1937 and Phaenostoma Orchymont, 1937. 11í12 – hind wings (11 – Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937; 12 – Phaenostoma urichi (Scott, 1912)). 13í14 – detail of spiracular atrium of the third instar larva of L. luederwaldti.

Figs 1 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 1í10. General habitus of adults and larvae of Lachnodacnum Orchymont, 1937. 1í3 – adults of L. luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937 (1 – dorsal view, 2 – lateral view, 3 – dorsal view of the head). 4í8 – larva of L. luederwaldti (4 – third instar larva in dorsal view; 5 – same in ventral view; 6 – ¿rst instar in dorsal view; 7 – detail of head and thorax of third instar, dorsal view; 8 – same, ventral view). 9í10 – adults of L. saundersi Orchymont, 1937 (9 – dorsal view, 10 – lateral view).

Figs 63 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 63í64. Head capsule of the third instar larva of Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937. 63 – ventral view, 64 – dorsal view.

Fig. 75 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Fig. 75. Distribution of Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937, L. saundersi Orchymont, 1937 and Phaenostoma urichi (Scott, 1913).

Figs 51 in Taxonomy and biology of the bromeliad-inhabiting genus Lachnodacnum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)

Figs 51í53. Head capsule of the ¿rst instar larva of Lachnodacnum luederwaldti Orchymont, 1937. 51 – ventral view; 52 – dorsal view; 53 – detail of anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view.