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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

F I G U R E 1 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta

F I G U R E 1 The River Imsa (1) in southwestern Norway where the anadromous Salmo trutta spawned. (A) The location of the fish trap where the anadromous fish were sampled. (B) The location of the upstream impassable waterfall, built between 1993 and 1995. (C) The brook, Fossbekk, where the resident fish spawned

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

F I G U R E 4 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta

F I G U R E 4 Mean growth per day (Ω, Equation 1, ±S.D.) at 18.3 C and 14.9 C of juvenile age 0 offspring of (a) 7.1 C and (b) 4.4 C incubated freshwater resident Salmo trutta (1, solid line) and anadromous (3, broken line), and hybrids between freshwater resident and anadromous (2, dotted line) S. trutta of the River Imsa, Norway

FIGURE 3 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 3 Mass–standard length (M–LS) relationships (MLR) determined for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts over 0–32 weeks from treatment initiation. Each cohort included LS00 individuals (n = 6) as a common origin

FIGURE 1 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 1 (a) Landmark positions () on Salmo trutta parr that were digitised twice and then averaged to minimize measurement error. (b) Shape changes associated with principal components (PCs) 1–3. PCs were derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks., Consensus shape with numbered landmark positions;, Shape changes associated with each PC. Shape changes are scaled to observed PC scores: Left hand side shape changes (back outlines) are scaled to the minimum value observed across the sample on each respective PC (shown below the image) and right hand side shape changes (black outlines) are scaled to the maximum value observed across the sample on each respective PC. PC1 describes a change in head size, PC2 describes dorso-ventral arching of the body and PC3 describes changes in overall robustness and body depth

Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05) in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05)

F I G U R E 3 A in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales

F I G U R E 3 A priori discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) plot of Camel trout. Each point represents the genotype of an individual fish, with centroids for each site labelled. Discriminant function 1 (DF1) is represented by the x axis, and discriminant function 2 (DF2) by the y-axis

F I G U R E 1 in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales

F I G U R E 1 Map showing the location of rivers sampled for brown trout within the UK, France and Ireland. The left panel shows the rivers used to assess the performance of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) panel at characterising genetic parameters within and outside the target region. The top right (blue) panel shows the locations of the four sampled rivers in Mount's Bay, Cornwall (Case Study 1). The bottom right (red) panel shows the location of the sample locations in the Camel catchment (Case Study 2). The red box within the bottom right panel gives the position of the impassable De Lank quarry site

FIGURE 3 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry

FIGURE 3 Salmo trutta fry abundances from the four sites in which three pass removals were conducted in July through October 2018 and associations with D50 and presence of wood. The trendline shows the relationship between S. trutta fry abundance and D50 in the three sites in which wood was absent () Wood () No Wood

FIGURE 5 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry

FIGURE 5 Oncorhynchus mykiss fry abundances from the four sites in which three pass removals were conducted in July through October 2018 and associations with (a) velocity and (b) depth. A trendline shows the relationship between each habitat variable and the fry abundance data for both the sites that were stocked (dotted line) and not stocked (solid line) () Not Stocked () Stocked

FIGURE 1 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry

FIGURE 1 Fry site locations used to obtain abundance estimates or single-pass counts for Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss in the upper Colorado River study section in Grand County, Colorado, downstream of Windy Gap Reservoir. The 20 15.2 m sites, sampled five times from July through October 2018, included one abundance estimation and four single-pass sites at the Sheriff Ranch, four single-pass sites at Kinney Creek, two abundance estimation and five single-pass sites in the Red Barn area and one abundance estimation and three single-pass sites at Hitching Post

F I G U R E 2 A in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales

F I G U R E 2 A priori discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of trout genotypes from rivers flowing into Mount's Bay, Cornwall. Individuals are represented by individual points, with centroids for each river labelled. Discriminant function 1 (DF1) is represented by the x axis, and discriminant function 2 (DF2) by the y-axis

FIGURE 2 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry

FIGURE 2 Salmo trutta fry single-pass counts and associations with (a) D50, (b) depth and (c) velocity

FIGURE 2 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 2 (a) Principal component (PC) () C00, () C04, () C10, () C20, () C32, () E04, () E10, () E20, and () E32 and (b) linear discriminant (LD) scores for Salmo trutta treatment groups (C, control; E, exercise) across experimental weeks (i.e., age 00 (control sample before treatment initiation) to 32 (32 weeks of treatment); n = 6 individuals per group). PC1 and PC3, derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks corrected for the arching artefact (PC2). LD1 and LD2, derived from a LD analysis on the corrected principal component scores. Ellipses demarcate 95% confidence intervals; O, group centroids. N.B. The change of direction for head size on LD1 resulting from a negative association with PC1 (see Table 2)

FIGURE 4 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 4 Box plots showing median (), 25th–75th percentiles () and range () of Salmo trutta condition at length (KÞ for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts across the experimental period (i.e., age) weeks 4–32 after treatment initiation (n = 6 per group). *, significant differences of pairwise least-squares means between exercised and control cohorts; different lower-case letters (black, exercise; grey, control) denote significant differences of pairwise least-squares means within treatments across the experimental period

F I G U R E 4 in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales

F I G U R E 4 Correlation between geographic distance (km) against genetic distance (linear FST) for the trout samples from the River Camel. The red points represent those between the De Lank and all other sites, the black points for all pair-wise comparisons excluding the De Lank. Linear regression for all sites including the De Lank is given by the red line (r2 = 0.321, P = 0.231), and linear regression for all pair-wise sites excluding the De Lank is given by the black line (r2 = 0.658, P = 0.0671)

FIGURE 4 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry

FIGURE 4 Oncorhynchus mykiss fry counts from sites in which O. mykiss were or were not (i.e., natural reproduction) stocked and associations with (a) D50 and (b) velocity. A trendline shows the relationship between each habitat variable and the fry count data for both the sites that were stocked (dotted line) and not stocked (solid line) () Not Stocked () Stocked

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

F I G U R E 2 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta

F I G U R E 2 The experimental design: 12 anadromous (A) and 12 freshwater resident (R) Salmo trutta of each sex were crossed. Parallel groups of the fertilized eggs from each cross were incubated at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 4.4 ± 1.5 C or 7.1 ± 0.6 C. After hatching, parallel groups were reared at natural River Imsa temperature until the commencement of the growth experiment when parallels of the 16 reared groups were tested at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 14.9 ± 2.2 C or 18.3 ± 1.5 C 14.9. Ten S. trutta were used in each group tested, 320 fish altogether

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Progressive degradation of acetylated wood by the brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana and Rhodonia placenta

This dataset contains measurement data from the following publication: Belt, T.; Awais, M. (2025) Progressive degradation of acetylated wood by the brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana and Rhodonia placenta. Wood Science and Technology 59:13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-024-01620-8. The experimental methods are described in brief below; further details can be found in the publication. Scots pine sapwood samples were acetylated in neat acetic anhydride to 9% or 18% weight percent gain (WPG) or left untreated to act as reference. The samples were exposed to brown rot decay in a stacked-sample decay test conducted in test tubes. Each replicate tube received 6 reference or acetylated samples stacked on top of each other (sample positions 1-6 from top to bottom) over nutrient agar inoculated with Coniophora puteana (N = 7) or Rhodonia placenta (N = 5). The different wood-fungus combinations were incubated for different durations until the visible fungal mycelium reached the top of the topmost block in one replicate tube. The samples were weighed before modification, after modification, at the end of the decay test, and after the decay test to determine their WPG, moisture content at the end of the decay test, and mass loss due to decay. After decay, 15 samples from every wood-fungus combination were selected for acetyl content measurement and FTIR spectroscopy. Acetyl contents were measured on powdered samples by saponification followed by HPLC quantification of the liberated acetic acid. FTIR spectra were measured in the 400-4000 cm-1 spectral range in triplicate on powdered samples using an ATR accessory. For further analysis, the spectra were cut to 800-1800 cm-1 range, baseline corrected (third degree polynomial subtraction), smoothed (Savitzky-Golay procedure with a second-order polynomial and a 15-point window), and normalised (unit vector normalisation). The "Mass data and acetyl content.csv" -file gives the sample identifiers (ID, sample type, test fungus, tube number, sample position) and measured mass data of all samples, and the acetyl contents of the selected samples. Masses minit, mmod, mwet, and mdec are the initial unmodified dry mass, the modified dry mass, the decaying wet mass, and the decayed dry mass, respectively. Acetyl contents (%) are given on a decayed wood basis. The “Unprocessed FTIR spectra_reference”, “Unprocessed FTIR spectra_9%”, and “Unprocessed FTIR spectra_18%” -files contain the unprocessed FTIR spectra of the reference, 9% WPG and 18% WPG samples (see the "Mass data and acetyl content.csv" -file for sample identifiers). The “Preprocessed FTIR spectra_reference”, “Preprocessed FTIR spectra_9%”, and “Preprocessed FTIR spectra_18%” -files in turn contain the preprocessed FTIR spectra of reference, 9% WPG and 18% WPG samples.

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Data from: Evidence for morph-specific substrate choice in a green-brown polymorphic grasshopper

Orthopteran insects are characterized by high variability in body coloration, in particular featuring a widespread green-brown color polymorphism. The mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of this apparently balanced polymorphism are not yet understood. To investigate whether morph-dependent microhabitat choice might contribute to the continued coexistence of multiple morphs, we studied substrate choice in the meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus. The meadow grasshopper occurs in multiple discrete, genetically determined color morphs that range from uniform brown to uniform green. We tested whether three common morphs preferentially choose differently colored backgrounds in an experimental arena. We found that a preference for green backgrounds was most pronounced in uniform green morphs. If differential choices improve morph-specific performance in natural habitats via crypsis and/or thermoregulatory benefits, they could help to equalize fitness differences among color morphs and potentially produce frequency-dependent microhabitat competition, though difference appear too small to serve as the only explanation. We also measured the reflectance of the grasshoppers and backgrounds and used visual modelling to quantify the detectability of the different morphs to a range of potential predators. Multiple potential predators, including birds and spiders, are predicted to distinguish between morphs chromatically, while other species, possibly including grasshoppers themselves, will perceive only differences in brightness. Our study provides the first evidence that morph-specific microhabitat choice might be relevant to the maintenance of the green-brown polymorphisms in grasshoppers and shows that visual distinctness of color morphs varies between perceivers.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →