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Figure 4. After merging, overview is more transparent. Tens of persons were merged together into clusters in order to clarify the visualization. Firms and persons are recognized based on their icons.-Browsing Semantic Data in Slovakia

The usefulness of such visualization has its key points regarding connections. Thanks to SBR browsing module, we were able to get 22 firm records for “Váhostav” query. Between any 2 companies, connections may be (and often are) not bidirectional, so, in order to navigate through connections, we have refined all 22 records. Although, even being filtered, graph is still complex. And it is possible to further navigate and search for outgoing connections, for example firm “MERLIN TRADE, a.s.” on Fig.4 contains item on “Ján Kato”, which is already included in our graph and connected to “VÁHOSTAV&SK&DEVELOPEMENT” on bottom left side and “VÁHOSTAV&SK, a.s.” in the center. Edge coloring and drawing is helpful with overlapped edges. For methods of visualization, including coloring, we refer to studies of H. Omote and K. Sugiyama (2006), and I. Herman, G. Melanon, and M. S. Marshall (2000)  or our study on graph clutter filtering and connectivity distance (Mojzis & Laclavik, 2014).

Figure 3. Graph created directly from the results.-Browsing Semantic Data in Slovakia

Resulting graph is rather complex. There are 175 vertices and 201 edges, which were created directly, containing 158 persons and 17 companies. As we see on Figure 3, some filtering methods are required in order to create suitable overview of relations. Figure 4 thus shows the visualization of the same graph, but with tens of vertices merged. Now it contains 22 persons and 17 companies. A merging was performed for clarification and is built inside the visualization module. A simple condition says that a merging is performed if persons are unique, thus if a person is connected only to 1 firm. More formally, person vertices are merged, if their vertex degree equals 1 (each).

Figure 2. Results for firm name "Váhostav" are in table. Each row defines a firm with its name, identification number and address. Then a connection is specified (whether it be a person or another firm).-Browsing Semantic Data in Slovakia

We have searched for firm “Váhostav”, which is a rather big firm in Slovakia, with many press articles published about31. On Figure 2 there is a browsing window, for SBR data results, displaying tabular structure, which was refined from SBR dataset by continuous querying.

Figure 1. Schema of clientside application for semantic browsing.-Browsing Semantic Data in Slovakia

With the aim primary on unstructured information extraction and refining, relationship discovery and visualization, we propose our solution for SBR in the first place. The reason for this is, primary, that HTML formatted results of SBR are very jerky and uncertainty regarding the structure of information is very high. Readers can also be pointed by J. Suchal and P. Vojtek (2009), that care should be taken towards type errors. We discuss that later. In this work, we try to fill&up the gap of visualization and, somehow limited data access offered by SBR, adapting to the problems disclaimed above. We suggest a new client& side paradigm, which does not depend on a particular website like foaf.sk. Figure 1 describes the schema briefly and the key elements are parsers with other tools on the top and structured formats, for datastore, on the bottom.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Data from: Recovery of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings from ungulate browsing mirrors soil nitrogen availability

Abies alba (Mill.) has a high potential for mitigating climate change in European mountain forests, yet, its natural regeneration is severely limited by ungulate browsing. Here, we simulated browsing in a common garden experiment to study growth and physiological traits, measured from bulk needles, using a randomized block design with two levels of browsing severity and seedlings originating from 19 populations across Switzerland. Genetic factors explained most variation in growth (on average, 51.5%) and physiological traits (10.2%) under control conditions, while heavy browsing considerably reduced the genetic effects on growth (to 30%), but doubled those on physiological traits related to C storage. While browsing reduced seedling height, it also lowered seedling water use efficiency (decreased δ13C) and increased their δ15N. Different populations reacted differently to browsing stress, and for seedling height, starch concentration and δ15N population differences appeared to be the result of natural selection. First, we found that populations originating from the warmest regions recovered the fastest from browsing stress, and they did so by mobilizing starch from their needles, which suggests a genetic underpinning for a growth-storage trade-off across populations. Second, we found that seedlings originating from mountain populations growing on steep slopes had a higher δ15N in the common garden than those originating from flat areas, indicating that they have been selected to grow on N poor, potentially drained, soils. This finding was corroborated by the fact that N concentration in adult needles was lower on steep slopes than on flat ground, strongly indicating that steep slopes are the most N poor environments. These results suggest that populations adapted to these N poor environments have a genetically based high N use efficiency, which could be necessary for their recover from ungulate browsing.

FIG. 7 in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 7. — Hyoid apparatus and buccal cavity of seedsnipes (here Thinocorus Eschscholtz,1829):A, lateral view of the hyoid apparatus displaced downward relative to the mandible; B, rostral part of the hyolingual apparatus; C, buccal cavity, the floor on the left, the roof on the right, a plant item present in the buccal cavity of the dissected specimen has been left in its place. Abbreviations: see text.

FIG. 5 in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 5. — Lateral views of the successive planes of the dissection of the dorsal adductors in Thinocorus Eschscholtz, 1829: A-D, deep portion of the external adductor; E, m. pseudotemporalis profundus, posterior adductor and protractors; a, b, transversal sections of the orbito-zygomatic process; e, aponeuroses of m. pseudotemporalis profundus. Abbreviations: see text.

FIG. 4 in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 4. — Cranial musculature of Attagis Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831, successive planes of the dissection: A, general view; B, lateral view through the orbit; b, internal aponeuroses of m. pseudotemporalis superficialis; C-E, lateral views of portions of the external adductor. Abbreviations: see text.

FIG. 1 in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 1. — Particularities of seedsnipe's skull: A, Thinocorus orbignyianus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831; B, Attagis gayi Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831; C-E, Thinocorus Eschscholtz, 1829; C, ventral view of the mandible and palate; D, surface of the mandibular joint with location of the contact area of the lateral and caudal condyles of the quadrate; E, caudal view of the mandibular joint. Abbreviations: see text.

FIG. 9. — A in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 9. — A, static graphical analysis of the equilibrium of forces when a food item is clamped in the bill (for more details see Dzerzhinsky 1972; Korzun et al. 2003, 2004a, b); adductors exert force A from the mandible towards the cranium and force A', superimposed, opposite and equal to A (for the clarity of the figure, A has not been represented on its point of application but directly placed at j along its axis of action); force A is decomposed into F (mandibular clamping force applied along the axis going through the clamping points of the item in the bill) and K (force of the quadrate applied on the quadrato-mandibular joint q); force K is itself decomposed into M (pressure force of the quadrate on the cranium along the axis q-x) and R (retraction force of the upper jaw along the axis of the jugal bar); in turn R is decomposed into F' (clamping force of the item by the upper jaw, opposed and equal to F) and N (pressure force of the upper jaw on the cranium at the level of the prokinetic hinge b); at the equilibrium, forces M, N and A (so A') are applied to point z where they cancel each other; a, meeting point of the three axes of 1) clamping, 2) action on the cranium via the prokinetic joint, and 3) retraction of the upper jaw along the jugal bar; j, meeting point of the axes of 1) clamping, 2) action of the adductors, and 3) action on the cranium through the mandibular joint; x, joint of the quadrate on the neurocranium; c = meeting point of the jugal bar and the maxilla.

FIG. 6. — A-D in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 6. — A-D, ventral views of the successive planes of the dissection of m. pterygoideus in Thinocorus Eschscholtz, 1829. Abbreviations: see text.

FIG. 3 in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 3. — Schema of the arrangement of the internal aponeuroses of external adductor in Thinocorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (A) and Attagis Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 (B). Abbreviations: see text.

FIG. 8 in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 8. — Forces in action when a fixed plant item is taken off; A, a plant item is pulled along the axis of the bill; B, a plant item is torn off by moving the head downward towards the breast. Abbreviations:F (= F' at equilibrium), clamping forces respectively exerted by the mandible and the upper jaw; Fr, resistance force of the item, labelled Fra when this item is pulled along the axis of the bill and Frb when this item is torn off by moving the head downward towards the breast (Fra = Frb); Ff, friction force which depends on the clamping forces: Ff = 2 k F (k = coefficient of friction); the lever arms of Fra and Frb are respectively indicated l and h, with l> h; so Fra has a less favourable lever arm than Frb: the action of these forces depending on their respective momentum, we have Fra × h

FIG. 2 in Adaptation of seedsnipes (Aves, Charadriiformes, Thinocoridae) to browsing: a study of their feeding apparatus

FIG. 2. — Cranial musculature of Thinocorus Eschscholtz, 1829, successive planes of the dissection: A, general view; B, lateral view through the orbit; b aponeuroses of m. pseudotemporalis superficialis; C, D, lateral views of the superficial and medial portions of the external adductor. Abbreviations: see text.