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Figure 16 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets
Figure 16. Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likehood (ML) phylogenetic trees inferred from mitochondrial genomes of pierid family based on 22tRNA genes.
Figure 3 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets
Figure 3. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) of the four pierid butterfly mitogenomes newly determined in this study.
Figure 15 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets
Figure 15. Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likehood (ML) phylogenetic trees inferred from mitochondrial genomes of pierid family based on four datasets (13PCGs, 13PCGs+2rRNAs, 2rRNAs, 2rRNAs+22tRNAs).
Data for: Predictable local adaptation in butterfly photoperiodism but not thermal performance along a latitudinal cline
<p>In seasonal environments, organisms must synchronize their life cycles to conditions favorable for growth and reproduction. Because season length varies geographically, local adaptation should arise in traits that regulate phenological responses. Geographic photoperiodism clines are well-known, but comparable studies on thermal performance are equivocal and often overlook non-linear responses. Therefore, we examined local adaptation in plastic responses to both photoperiod and temperature along a 752 km latitudinal cline, by comparing four Swedish populations of the butterfly <em>Pieris napi</em>. Using a common garden design, we estimated (1) photoperiod response curves for diapause induction and (2) thermal performance curves for development and growth rates. We show that differences in photoperiodism follow the expected geographical pattern, where diapause is induced at longer daylengths in northern populations (where growth seasons are short and summer days long). However, population differences in thermal performance curves were small and seemingly idiosyncratic, without clear clinal patterns. Photoperiodic responses appear to evolve more readily than thermal responses, highlighting photoperiodism as a key driver of local life cycle synchronization.</p>
Fig. 1 in Effects of changes in the riparian forest on the butterfly community (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Cerrado areas
Fig. 1. Butterfly sampling sites at the Pindaíba River Basin, MT – Brazil; (CVS 1, CVS 2, CVS 3, CVS 4 = Caveira stream (1st to 4th order); MS 1, MS 2, MS 3 and MS 4 = Mata Stream (1st to 4th order).
Identifying the proximal cue(s) for pupal color variation in the bordered patch butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer 1837; Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
<p>Color is a multifaceted trait with many functions such as predator defense, thermoregulation, and immune response. We investigated pupal color variation in <em>Chlosyne lacinia</em> pupae, focusing on identifying the cue for increased melanization. Through laboratory experiments, we demonstrated pupae reared on black backgrounds exhibited significantly higher melanization compared to those on white backgrounds. Additionally, black pupae experienced longer developmental periods, suggesting a trade-off between defense and developmental time. Our findings support crypsis as a likely evolutionary driver for increased melanization in response to substrate color. We discuss potential implications for predator avoidance, immune response, and developmental costs associated with melanization. This study provides insights into the adaptive significance of pupal melanization in response to environmental cues, shedding light on the complex interplay between life history traits in butterflies.</p>
Figs 3–4. Noctuids from Kunashir Island, dorsal view. 3 in Autumn moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) new for the fauna of Kunashir Island
Figs 3–4. Noctuids from Kunashir Island, dorsal view. 3 – Blenina senex (Butler, 1878), ♀; 4 – Euplexidia angusta Yoshimoto, 1987, ♀.
Figure 4 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 4. Photographic records of: 25. Taractrocera maevius sagara. 26-27. Coladenia agnioides. 28. Coladenia indrani uposathra. 29. Gerosis bhagava bhagava. 30. Mooreana trichoneura pralaya. 31. Tagiades menaka menaka. 32-33. Heliophorus indicus indicus. 34. Allotinus drumila drumila. 35. Niphanda asialis marcia. 36. Jamides elpis pseudelpis. / Registros fotográficos de: 25. Taractrocera maevius sagara. 26-27. Coladenia agnioides. 28. Coladenia indrani uposathra. 29. Gerosis bhagava bhagava. 30. Mooreana trichoneura pralaya. 31. Tagiades menaka menaka. 32-33. Heliophorus indicus indicus. 34. Allotinus drumila drumila. 35. Niphanda asialis marcia. 36. Jamides elpis pseudelpis.
Figure 8 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 8. Photographic records of: 73. Ethope himachala. 74. Eurema simulatrix sarinoides. 75. Appias indra indra. 76. Appias lalage lalage. 77. Delias acalis pyramus. / Registros fotográficos de: 73. Ethope himachala. 74. Eurema simulatrix sarinoides. 75. Appias indra indra. 76. Appias lalage lalage. 77. Delias acalis pyramus.
Figure 7 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 7. Photographic records of: 61. Neptis miah miah. 62. Pantoporia paraka paraka. 63. Doleschallia bisaltide indica. 64. Faunis canens arcesilas. 65. Lethe kansa. 66. Telinga malsarida. 67. Ypthima lycus lycus. 68-69. Ypthima newara newara (male). 70-71. Ypthima newara newara (female). 72. Ethope himachala. / Registros fotográficos de: 61. Neptis miah miah. 62. Pantoporia paraka paraka. 63. Doleschallia bisaltide indica. 64. Faunis canens arcesilas. 65. Lethe kansa. 66. Telinga malsarida. 67. Ypthima lycus lycus. 68-69. Ypthima newara newara (macho). 70-71. Ypthima newara newara (hembra). 72. Ethope himachala.
Figure 6 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 6. Photographic records of: 49. Mimathyma ambica ambica. 50. Mimathyma chevana chevana. 51. Euploea algea deione. 52-53. Euploea sylvester hopei. 54. Parantica melaneus plataniston. 55. Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis. 56-57. Bassarona teuta teuta (male and female). 58-59. Sumalia daraxa daraxa. 60. Neptis miah miah. / Registros fotográficos de: 49. Mimathyma ambica ambica. 50. Mimathyma chevana chevana. 51. Euploea algea deione. 52-53. Euploea sylvester hopei. 54. Parantica melaneus plataniston. 55. Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis. 56-57. Bassarona teuta teuta (macho y hembra). 58-59. Sumalia daraxa daraxa. 60. Neptis miah miah.
Figure 3 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 3. Photographic records of: 13. Caltoris cormasa. 14-16. Caltoris plebeia. 17-18. Caltoris sirius sirius. 19-20. Polytremis discreta discreta. 21-22. Potanthus pallida. 23-24. Potanthus pseudomaesa clio. / Registros fotográficos de: 13. Caltoris cormasa. 14-16. Caltoris plebeia. 17-18. Caltoris sirius sirius. 19-20. Polytremis discreta discreta. 21-22. Potanthus pallida. 23-24. Potanthus pseudomaesa clio.
Figure 2 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 2. Photographic records of: 1. Burara amara. 2-4. Koruthaialos rubecula cachara (red-banded form). 5. Plastingia naga. 6-7. Borbo bevani. 8-9. Caltoris bromus bromus. 10-11. Caltoris brunnea caere. 12. Caltoris cormasa. / Registros fotográficos de: 1. Burara amara. 2-4. Koruthaialos rubecula cachara (forma con bandas rojas). 5. Plastingia naga. 6-7. Borbo bevani. 8-9. Caltoris bromus bromus. 10-11. Caltoris brunnea caere. 12. Caltoris cormasa.
Figure 1 in Fifty-one new additions to the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Tripura, North-east India
Figure 1. Localities of new additions situated in Tripura, North-east India. Map courtesy Google Earth. / Localidades de las nuevas adiciones situadas en Tripura, noreste de India. Mapa cortesia de Google Earth.
Sensory weighting reflects changing patterns of visual investment during ecological divergence in Heliconius butterflies
<p>Integrating information across sensory modalities enables animals to orchestrate a wide range of complex behaviours. The relative importance placed on one sensory modality over another reflects the reliability of cues in a particular environment and corresponding differences in neural investment. As populations diverge across environmental gradients, the reliability of sensory cues may shift, favouring divergence in neural investment and sensory weighting. During their divergence across closed-forest and forest-edge habitats, <em>Heliconius </em>butterflies <em>H. cydno</em> and <em>H. melpomene </em>evolved distinct brain morphologies, with the former<em> </em>investing more in vision. Molecular and anatomical data suggest selection drove these changes, but their behavioural effects remain uncertain. We hypothesised that divergent investment in neuropils may alter sensory weighting during behavioural tasks. To address this, we trained individuals in an associative learning experiment using multimodal colour and odour cues. When positively rewarded stimuli were presented in conflict pairing positively trained colour with negatively trained odour, and vice-versa, <em>H. cydno</em> prioritised visual cues more strongly than <em>H. melpomene</em>. Hence, differences in sensory weighting may evolve early during divergence and are predicted by patterns of neural investment. These findings, alongside other examples, imply that differences in sensory weighting stem from sensory investment as adaptations to local sensory environments.</p>
Figure 1. Study area. A in An updated checklist of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Guayaquil, Ecuador
Figure 1. Study area. A) Fieldwork sites in Guayaquil city, Ecuador. B) Sampling at Bosque Protector La Prosperina. Área de estudio. / A) Sitios de trabajo de campo en la ciudad de Guayaquil. B) Muestreo en Bosque Protector La Prosperina.
Figure 2 in An updated checklist of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Guayaquil, Ecuador
Figure 2. Sightings records of diurnal butterflies in Guayaquil, Ecuador. A) Sighting records. B) Heat map of diurnal butterfly sightings compiled in this research. /Registros de avistamientos de mariposas diurnas en Guayaquil, Ecuador. A) Registros de vistas. B) Mapa de calor de avistamientos de mariposas diurnas compilado en esta investigación.
Figures 6–9 in The potential of Malaise traps as an important tool in butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) inventories, based on studies conducted in Republic of Congo
Figures 6–9 – Examples showing the condition of larger butterflies sampled in Malaise traps in Parc National de Nouabalé-Ndoki, Republic of Congo. 6 – Papilio (Princeps) hesperus hesperus Westwood. 7 – Papilio (Princeps) chrapkowskoides nurettini Koçak. 8 – Laodice mycerina nausicaa (Staudinger). 9 – Charaxes nobilis nobilis Druce.
Figures 2–5 in The potential of Malaise traps as an important tool in butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) inventories, based on studies conducted in Republic of Congo
Figures 2–5 – Malaise traps deployed in various localities and habitat types in Parc National de Nouabalé-Ndoki, Republic of Congo. 2 – Bomassa Forest (Gressitt & Gressitt-type trap over streambed). 3 – Makao Forest (Townes-type trap over streambed). 4 – Mondika Camp (Gressitt & Gressitt-type trap across forest path). 5 – Mombongo Camp (Gressitt & Gressitttype trap across disused forest road). Photographs: Violette Dérozier.
Figure 1 – Parc National d in The potential of Malaise traps as an important tool in butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) inventories, based on studies conducted in Republic of Congo
Figure 1 – Parc National d'Nouabalé-Ndoki (PNNN) and the surrounding Unité Forestière d'Aménagement. Sampling localities: 1. Mombongo Camp; 2. Bomassa Forest; 3. Wali Forest; 4. Mondika Camp; 5. Mbeli Camp; 6. Ndoki Formation; 7. Makao Forest.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.