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Dataset on tree diversity metrics and aboveground carbon storage in Southeastern U.S. oak-pine forests, 2009–2019
This dataset contains measurements of tree structural and taxonomic diversity, stand attributes, and aboveground carbon storage from mixed oak-pine forests in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, located in the southeastern United States. Data were collected from 946 mixed oak-pine, and 7224 longleaf-slash pine and oak-pine Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots respectively spanning the years 2009 to 2019. Variables include aboveground carbon, aboveground biomass, tree density, basal area, stand age, and diversity metrics such as Shannon indices for tree species and diameter-based structural classes. Functional diversity metrics—including functional dominance and functional divergence—are also included. These data were used to support a published study examining the interactive effects of diversity metrics on carbon storage using structural equation modeling. The geographic coverage represents humid subtropical forest regions of the southeastern U.S.
Summertime methane and carbon dioxide emission rates and associated variables from a national-scale survey of 146 reservoirs in the United States, 2016-2023
Reservoirs are globally important sources of greenhouse gases, but the magnitude of their emissions is highly uncertain. Here we present data for 146 reservoirs from two surveys of reservoir methane and carbon dioxide emissions, one at the regional scale in the midwestern United States and one at the national scale in the conterminous United States, plus data from one reservoir in Washington and another in Puerto Rico. At all reservoirs, ebullitive and diffusive emissions and basic physiochemistry were measured at 15-70 locations during one 22 to 64-hour period during the summers of 2016-2023, with four reservoirs revisited a second time. Concomitant water chemistry measurements were also made at an index site. The dataset is comprised of two geospatial files and seven .csv files containing greenhouse gas emissions, water chemistry, morphology, and other relevant data. These data comprise the largest multi-reservoir emissions dataset ever assembled using consistent measurement methods.
Concentration of dissolved organic carbon in water samples taken from the Upper Clark Fork River (Montana, USA) during water year 2021 (1 Oct 2020 - 30 Sep 2021)
The Upper Clark Fork River (UCFR) Long Term Research in Environmental Biology (LTREB) umbrella monitoring project generating these data is conducted separately and complementarily to the 200-million-dollar (USD) superfund project for ecological restoration of the UCFR, associated tributaries, and head water streams including Silver Bow and Warm Springs Creeks. Restoration along the UCFR in western Montana includes removal of metal-laden floodplain soils, lowering of the floodplain to its original elevation, and re-vegetation of over 70 km of the river’s floodplain closest to contaminant sources. The UCFR LTREB project includes bi-weekly water quality monitoring across the first 200 km of the river and its major tributaries along a gradient of heavy metal contamination associated with historic mining. Monitoring includes inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, biotic standing stocks, and dissolved and whole-water heavy metal concentrations. The monitoring program began in 2017 with funding extended through 2028. The original analytical intent for these data was to assess the response of river dissolved organic carbon to the floodplain restoration. Data are Aurora Total Organic Carbon combustion analyses of the concentration of organic carbon dissolved in filtered samples of well-mixed river thalweg water. Data are from the 2021 water year (1 Oct 2020 to 30 Sep 2021) from samples collected on the Upper Clark Fork River (USGS HUC 17010201) at project sites distributed along the river from the vicinity of Anaconda to Missoula, Montana, USA.
Concentration of dissolved organic carbon in water samples taken from the Upper Clark Fork River (Montana, USA) during water year 2023 (1 Oct 2022 - 30 Sep 2023)
The Upper Clark Fork River (UCFR) Long Term Research in Environmental Biology (LTREB) umbrella monitoring project generating these data is conducted separately and complementarily to the 200-million-dollar (USD) superfund project for ecological restoration of the UCFR, associated tributaries, and head water streams including Silver Bow and Warm Springs Creeks. Restoration along the UCFR in western Montana includes removal of metal-laden floodplain soils, lowering of the floodplain to its original elevation, and re-vegetation of over 70 km of the river’s floodplain closest to contaminant sources. The UCFR LTREB project includes bi-weekly water quality monitoring across the first 200 km of the river and its major tributaries along a gradient of heavy metal contamination associated with historic mining. Monitoring includes inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, biotic standing stocks, and dissolved and whole-water heavy metal concentrations. The monitoring program began in 2017 with funding extended through 2028. The original analytical intent for these data was to assess the response of river dissolved organic carbon to the floodplain restoration. Data are total organic carbon combustion analyses (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments) of the concentration of organic carbon dissolved in filtered samples of well-mixed river thalweg water. Data are from the 2023 water year (1 Oct 2022 to 30 Sep 2023) from samples collected on the Upper Clark Fork River (USGS HUC 17010201) at project sites distributed along the river from the vicinity of Anaconda to Missoula, Montana, USA.
Concentration of dissolved organic carbon in water samples taken from the Upper Clark Fork River (Montana, USA) during water year 2024 (1 Oct 2023 - 30 Sep 2024)
The Upper Clark Fork River (UCFR) Long Term Research in Environmental Biology (LTREB) umbrella monitoring project generating these data is conducted separately and complementarily to the 200-million-dollar (USD) superfund project for ecological restoration of the UCFR, associated tributaries, and head water streams including Silver Bow and Warm Springs Creeks. Restoration along the UCFR in western Montana includes removal of metal-laden floodplain soils, lowering of the floodplain to its original elevation, and re-vegetation of over 70 km of the river’s floodplain closest to contaminant sources. The UCFR LTREB project includes bi-weekly water quality monitoring across the first 200 km of the river and its major tributaries along a gradient of heavy metal contamination associated with historic mining. Monitoring includes inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, biotic standing stocks, and dissolved and whole-water heavy metal concentrations. The monitoring program began in 2017 with funding extended through 2028. The original analytical intent for these data was to assess the response of river dissolved organic carbon to the floodplain restoration. Data are total organic carbon combustion analyses (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments) of the concentration of organic carbon dissolved in filtered samples of well-mixed river thalweg water. Data are from the 2024 water year (1 Oct 2023 to 30 Sep 2024) from samples collected on the Upper Clark Fork River (USGS HUC 17010201) at project sites distributed along the river from the vicinity of Anaconda to Missoula, Montana, USA.
Concentration of dissolved organic carbon in water samples taken from the Upper Clark Fork River (Montana, USA) during water year 2022 (1 Oct 2021 - 30 Sep 2022)
The Upper Clark Fork River (UCFR) Long Term Research in Environmental Biology (LTREB) umbrella monitoring project generating these data is conducted separately and complementarily to the 200-million-dollar (USD) superfund project for ecological restoration of the UCFR, associated tributaries, and head water streams including Silver Bow and Warm Springs Creeks. Restoration along the UCFR in western Montana includes removal of metal-laden floodplain soils, lowering of the floodplain to its original elevation, and re-vegetation of over 70 km of the river’s floodplain closest to contaminant sources. The UCFR LTREB project includes bi-weekly water quality monitoring across the first 200 km of the river and its major tributaries along a gradient of heavy metal contamination associated with historic mining. Monitoring includes inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, biotic standing stocks, and dissolved and whole-water heavy metal concentrations. The monitoring program began in 2017 with funding extended through 2028. The original analytical intent for these data was to assess the response of river dissolved organic carbon to the floodplain restoration. Data are primarily Aurora Total Organic Carbon combustion analyses of the concentration of organic carbon dissolved in filtered samples of well-mixed river thalweg water. A few samples from the final campaign in the dataset were analyzed with a Shimadzu instrument using a similar method. Data are from the 2022 water year (1 Oct 2021 to 30 Sep 2022) from samples collected on the Upper Clark Fork River (USGS HUC 17010201) at project sites distributed along the river from the vicinity of Anaconda to Missoula, Montana, USA.
Time series of carbon dioxide fluxes measured with eddy covariance for Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hubei Province, China during 2022-2024
This dataset contains half-hourly micrometeorological and eddy covariance flux measurements of carbon dioxide (CO₂) collected over the water surface of the Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hubei Province, China, from April 2022 to November 2024. The eddy covariance tower was installed at the deepest point of the reservoir, which serves as a critical water source for water supply and regional ecological functions in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Measurements were obtained using a LI-COR eddy covariance system (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA), and fluxes were calculated using EddyPro software (version 7.0.6). The dataset includes CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes as well as supporting micrometeorological, radiation, and water temperature measurements. All data were processed following established best practices for eddy covariance measurements, including comprehensive quality assurance and quality control procedures, which are fully documented and included with the dataset.
Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance of Grazing Lands across the continental United States, 2013-2023
Grazing lands underpin U.S. beef production, store roughly one-third of global soil organic carbon, deliver multiple ecosystem services, and are closely tied to the prosperity and resilience of rural communities. In this study, we calculated net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), the net status of grazing lands as a carbon sink or source, by integrating carbon uptake from photosynthesis, and carbon loss through ecosystem respiration, enteric fermentation and manure from livestock. Our objective was to synthesize multiple years of annual NECB of grazing lands measured by eddy covariance towers from 16 pastures across seven USDA Long-term Agroecosystem Research Network (LTAR) sites and enteric fermentation and manure emissions derived from the stocking rates. We evaluated annual NECB against mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), vegetation, soil, fire history, grazing pressure index (GPI) and fertilization history. We found: (1) grazing lands were a carbon sink or neutral in most sites, and NECB was not significantly different between grasslands and shrublands, mesic and xeric conditions, and fertilized and unfertilized sites; (2) NECB increased with precipitation and temperature, but decreased with a higher GPI; and (3) precipitation, temperature, and GPI interacted such that temperature had a positive effect when MAP was greater than 700 mm and GPI had a negative effect when MAP was less than 1000 mm. Thus, most grazing lands in our study function as a carbon sink unless coupled with water deficit, low temperature, or heavy grazing. NECB is most sensitive to precipitation when water was limited with high interannual variability. Future work to improve our understanding of NECB on grazing lands should directly measure enteric fermentation and ecosystem emissions in different systems and add measurements on carbon loss through wind erosion and leaching.
Time series of dissolved methane and carbon dioxide concentrations for Falling Creek Reservoir, Beaverdam Reservoir and Carvins Cove Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, USA during 2015-2025
Surface samples and depth profiles of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations were sampled from 2015 to 2025 in three drinking water reservoirs in southwestern Virginia, USA: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, Virginia), and Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia). All three reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia. The dataset consists of depth profiles of dissolved greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane) samples measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam. Additional surface samples were collected at a gauged weir on Falling Creek Reservoir's primary inflow tributary, from a wetland adjacent to Falling Creek Reservoir, and from the reservoir outflow. At Beaverdam Reservoir, additional samples were collected at three outflow sites below the dam and at the mid-reservoir outflow. Samples were collected approximately fortnightly from March-April, weekly from May-October, and monthly in November-February at Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir. Samples were collected twice in 2025 at Carvins Cove Reservoir. Additionally, upstream surface samples were taken at multiple tributaries in Carvins Cove Reservoir. In 2019, surface samples along the stream and reservoir continuum in both Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir were collected monthly during the summer stratified period. In 2025, littoral samples were collected from Falling Creek Reservoir monthly from June to October (see site descriptions file for geographic coordinates of sampling sites). A maintenance log and quality assurance/quality control analysis scripts accompany the data package.
Carbon Isotope and Ring Width Measurements from Tree Rings of Selected Canopy Species at Six Sites in the Eastern United States
Forest Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is defined as the ratio of carbon uptake per unit water vapor loss via transpiration. Micrometeorological measurements suggest that forest WUE has dramatically increased over the last two decades, in excess of what would be expected from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Coinciding with observed trends in forest WUE have been marked decreases in acid deposition throughout much of North America and Europe. There is evidence that acid deposition may impact forest WUE, either by altering the availability of nutrients in forest soils or by directly affecting foliar physiology. Changes in WUE could also lead to changes in stream discharge from forested catchments. The hypothesized response of forests to changing levels of acid deposition is not currently considered in the land surface components of global climate models (GCMs). Since carbon dioxide and water vapor are the two most important greenhouse gases, it is vital to accurately model their land-atmosphere exchange. This research uses a catchment-based approach to investigate the effects of changing acid deposition on forest WUE. Tree ring carbon isotopes reconstruct historical WUE time series within six catchments that have been differentially impacted by acid deposition due to distinctions between their underlying bedrock mineralogy and geological histories. The research also capitalizes on experimental treatments that have altered soil biogeochemistry in paired catchment designs (Bear Brook, ME; Hubbard Brook, NH; and Fernow Experimental Forest, WV). Additional watersheds that vary in underlying bedrock chemistry are also used in this research to examine tree-ring WUE time series as natural experiments along a base-cation gradient. These watersheds include Sleepers River, VT; Hubbard Brook, NH; Cone Pond Watershed, NH; and Shenandoah National Park, VA.
Ecosystem-level Carbon dioxide fluxes in two long-term experimental wet sedge tundra sites near Toolik Lake, AK, ARC LTER 1994.
Ecosystem-level Carbon dioxide fluxes were measured in two long-term experimental wet sedge tundra sites near Toolik Lake, AK. Experimental treatments at each site included factorial nitrogenXphosphorus, greenhouse and shade house and were begun in 1985 (Sag site) or in 1988 (Toolik sites). Fluxes were measured on quadrats that were later sampled for biomass and leaf area.
Plant biomass, leaf area, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in wet sedge tundra, 1994, Arctic LTER, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Plant biomass, leaf area, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured in three wet sedge tundra experimental sites. Treatments at each site included factorial NxP and at the Toolik sites greenhouse and shade house. Treatments started in 1985 (Sag site) and in 1988 (Toolik sites).
Concentration and Age of Nonstructural Carbon Reserves in Two Trees at Harvard Forest 2012
We know surprisingly little about whole-tree nonstructural carbon (NSC; primarily sugars and starch) budgets. Even less well understood is the mixing between recent photosynthetic assimilates (new NSC) and previously stored reserves. And, NSC turnover times are poorly constrained. We characterized the distribution of NSC in the stemwood, branches, and roots of two temperate trees, and we used the continuous label offered by the radiocarbon (14C) bomb spike to estimate the mean age of NSC in different tissues. NSC in branches and outermost stemwood growth rings had the 14C signature of the current growing season. However, NSC in older above- and below-ground tissues was enriched in 14C, indicating that it was produced from older assimilates. Radial patterns of 14C in stemwood NSC showed strong mixing of NSC across the youngest growth rings, with limited.
Estimating Forest Productivity Using Carbon Isotopes in Tree Rings at Harvard Forest 1992-2010
We investigated relationships between tree-ring δ13C and growth, and flux tower estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) at Harvard Forest from 1992 to 2010. Seasonal variations of derived photosynthetic isotope discrimination (Δ13C) and leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) showed significant increasing trends for the dominant deciduous and coniferous species. Δ13C was positively correlated to growing-season GPP and is primarily controlled by precipitation and soil moisture indicating that site conditions maintained high stomatal conductance under increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. Increasing Δ13C over the 1992-2010 period is attributed to increasing annual and summer water availability identified at Harvard Forest and across the region. Higher Δ13C is coincident with an enhancement in growth and ecosystem-level net carbon uptake. This work suggests that tree-ring δ13C could serve as a measure of forest GPP and be used to improve the calibration and predictive skill of ecosystem and carbon cycle models.
Phenology and Carbon Allocation of Roots at Harvard Forest 2011-2013
The objective of this study is to estimate the phenology and partitioning of C allocated belowground across the growing season at Harvard Forest in two hardwood stands dominated by Quercus rubra and Fraxinus americana, respectively, and one conifer stand dominated by Tsuga canadensis. The phenology of fine root production was characterized by multiple flushes of growth and mortality, especially in the red oak (Q. rubra) stand. Root exudation rate did not have a clear seasonal signal. The deciduous hardwood stands allocated C belowground earlier in the season compared to the conifer-dominated stand. Deciduous stands also allocated a greater proportion of total belowground C flux (TBCF) to root growth compared to the conifer-dominated hemlock (T. canadensis) stand. Of the three stands, red oak partitioned the greatest proportion of TBCF (~50%) to root growth, while hemlock partitioned the least.
Soil Carbon in a Hemlock Stand Infected by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid at Harvard Forest since 2015
The main objective of this research is to study changes in soil carbon stocks (soil C, root biomass) and fluxes (soil respiration) in a hemlock stand that is currently infested by the hemlock woolly adelgid, and where trees are declining in vigor and dying off. Soil respiration is measured throughout the growing season using an automated system, which produces a long-term, high-temporal-resolution series of soil respiration over multiple locations. Soil carbon stocks and root biomass are estimated by sampling soil in multiple locations throughout the hemlock stand following the sampling design used by Serita Frey at Harvard Farm (“Conant plots”). The large number of samples will be used to determine how many should be resampled in the future to be able to determine if any difference in soil C content or root biomass is statistically significant. Soil and roots will be sampled every 5 to 10 years to evaluate the trends in soil carbon stocks during and after the decline of hemlock caused by the hemlock woolly adelgid infestation.
Atmospheric Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide at Harvard Forest EMS Tower since 2006
This archive features long-term measurements of the atmospheric mixing ratios of O2 and CO2 at two heights on the Harvard Forest EMS flux tower. The data fields include the time of data collection, the height from which the samples were drawn, the O2 mixing ratio and the CO2 mixing ratio.
Soil Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen at the Soil Warming Plus Nitrogen Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2018
This dataset includes soil air CO2 and O2 concentrations measured from the organic/mineral horizon interface and 10, 30, and 50 cm depths of the mineral soil at SWaN using permanently installed stainless steel gas wells. Measurements were made 4-8 times throughout the year in 2018, 2019, and 2020.
Soil Carbon at Forest Edges along an Urban to Rural Gradient in Massachusetts since 2018
Global proliferation of forest edges through anthropogenic land-use change and forest fragmentation is well documented, and while forest fragmentation has clear consequences for soil carbon (C) cycling, underlying drivers of belowground activity at the forest edge remain poorly understood. Increasing soil C losses via respiration have been observed at rural forest edges, but this process was suppressed at urban forest edges. We offer a comprehensive, coupled investigation of abiotic soil conditions and biotic soil activity from forest edge to interior at eight sites along an urbanization gradient to elucidate how environmental stressors are linked to soil C cycling at the forest edge. Despite significant diverging trends in edge soil C losses between urban and rural sites, we did not find comparable differences in soil % C or microbial enzyme activity, suggesting an unexpected decoupling of soil C fluxes and pools at forest edges. We demonstrate that across site types, soils at forest edges were less acidic than the forest interior (p less than 0.0001), and soil pH was positively correlated with soil calcium, magnesium and sodium content (adj R2 = 0.37), which were also elevated at the edge. Compared to forest interior, forest edge soils exhibited a 17.8% increase in sand content and elevated freeze-thaw frequency with probable downstream effects on root turnover and decomposition. Using these and other novel forest edge data, we demonstrate that significant variation in edge soil respiration (adj R2 = 0.46; p = 0.0002) and C content (adj R2 = 0.86; p less than 0.0001) can be explained using soil parameters often mediated by human activity (e.g., soil pH, trace metal and cation concentrations, soil temperature), and we emphasize the complex influence of multiple, simultaneous global change drivers at forest edges. Forest edge soils reflect legacies of anthropogenic land-use and modern human management, and this must be accounted for to understand soil activity and C
Modeling Impacts of Hurricanes on Current Aboveground Forest Carbon in New England 2020-2120
Nature-based climate solutions are championed as a primary tool to mitigate climate change, especially in forested regions capable of storing and sequestering vast amounts of carbon. New England is one of the most heavily forested regions in the United States (over 75% forested by land area), and forest carbon is a significant component of regional climate mitigation strategies. Large infrequent disturbances, such as hurricanes, are a major source of uncertainty and risk for policies that rely on forest carbon for climate mitigation, especially as climate change is projected to alter the intensity and geographic extent of hurricanes. To date, most research into disturbance impacts on forest carbon stocks has focused on fire. Here we show that a single hurricane in the region can down between 121-250 MMTCO2e or 4.6-9.4% of the total aboveground forest carbon, much greater than the carbon sequestered annually by New England’s forests (16 MMTCO2e yr-1). However, the emissions from the storms are not instantaneous; it takes approximately 19 years for the downed carbon to become a net emission, and 100 years for 90% of the downed carbon to be emitted. Using the HURRECON and EXPOS models to reconstruct hurricanes across a range of historical and projected wind speeds, we find that an 8% and 16% increase in hurricane wind speeds leads to a 10.7 and 24.8 fold increase in the extent of high-severity damaged areas (widespread tree mortality). Increased wind speed also leads to unprecedented geographical shifts in damage; both inland and northward into heavily forested regions traditionally unaffected by hurricanes. Given that a single hurricane can emit the equivalent of 10+ years of carbon sequestered by forests in New England, the status of these forests as a durable carbon sink is uncertain. Understanding the risks to forest carbon stocks from large infrequent disturbances is necessary for decision-makers relying on forests as a nature-based climate solution. This data set
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.