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FIGURE 7 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 7. Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934), 1 male 15.4 × 18.7 mm, Christmas Island, WAM C13968. A. dorsal habitus; B– D carapace and chelae, dorsal, ventral, frontal views, respectively; E. Front, orbits, buccal cavern and pterygostomian area (scales bars, 5 mm).

FIGURE 6 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 6. Geographic distribution of the 17 or 18 species of Karstarma, from west to east: Karstarma vulcan and K. sp. (Réunion); K. jacksoni (Christmas Island); K. jacobsoni (Central Java); K. malang (East Java, from Wowor & Ng 2018); K. emdi and K. balicum (Nusa Penida Island, sympatric in same cave); K. microphthalmus (South Sulawesi); K. sulu (Palawan Island); K. philippinarum (Boracay Island); K. boholano (Bohol and Tarama Islands); K. cerberus (Ambon Island); K. ardea and K. waigeo (Waigeo Island; sympatric in same cave but in rocky parts for K. ardea and muddy substrates for K. waigeo); K. guamense (Guam Island); K. novabritannia (New Britain Island); K. ultrapes (Nggela Pile Island); K. loyalty (Lifou Island).

FIGURE 5 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 5. Live colour of Karstarma sp. A, B) female juv. 8.6 × 9.8 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7242), probably from lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets', photographs A. Barrère, 19 February 2016; C, D) specimen not collected, from lava tube 'Coulée de 2004', lower entrance near the shore, photographs Matthieu Balanger, 13 August 2017.

FIGURE 4 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 4. Habitat of Karstarma vulcan in Réunion Island. Upper raw, left: Réunion Island with indication of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise' and its 'enclos' (grey area) with places where crabs Karstarma were observed: A, 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' (dotted rectangle enlarged on the right); B, 'Grotte au Trésor'; C 'Coulée de 2004'; D, 'Grotte des Hirondelles'. Upper raw, right: position of the lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' in the south-western part of the Island, point A is the place where crabs were collected, altitudes indicated for 60, 100, 170 m (GPX trace of tunnel in black, from Goursaud, 2018; background map from IGN, 2018). Bottom row, left: entrance of lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets', near road 'N2' (in red on IGN map). Bottom row, right: place of collection of the crabs, at the end of the tunnel, showing sediment left after heavy rains. (Photographs J.-P. Le Guelte).

FIGURE 3 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 3. Live colour of Karstarma vulcan sp. nov. A, B, lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' photographs J.-P. Le Guelte, 16/03/2018, holotype, male 16.2 × 18.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7243) (specimen captured in the lava tube but brought outside the cave for photograph); C, D) lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' photographs N. Crestey, 16/11/2017, C) female, 13.05 × 16.5 mm (MHNH-IU-2013-7241) (left cornea injured); D) top: ventral view, female, paratype 13.7 × 16.9 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013-7240); bottom: dorsal view, female, paratype 13.05 × 16.5 mm (MHNH-IU-2013-7241). Live specimens, not collected, in the lava tube of 'Coulée de 2004': E) photograph J. Dez, 14/02/2018 from (Dez, 2018); and F) photograph F. Leveneur, 30/08/ 2014.

FIGURE 9 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 9. Comparison of anterolateral margins of carapace in Karstarma vulcan and K. jacksoni for specimens of approximately same size and sex. Karstarma vulcan, A) holotype male 16.2 × 18.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7243; B) paratype female 13.7 × 16.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7240. Karstarma jacksoni, C) male 15.4 × 18.7 mm, WAM C13968; D) female 14.3 × 18.1 mm, WAM C13968.

FIGURE 2 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 2. Karstarma vulcan sp. nov., holotype, male, 16.2 × 18.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7243) (A, B, E, G, M); paratype, female, 13.7 × 16.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7240) (C, D, F). Right chela, outer (A, C) and inner views (B, D); merus of right cheliped, inner view (E, F);right ambulatory legs 1–4 (P2–P5), outer views (G–J);distal part of propodi and dactyli of right ambulatory legs 1–3 (P2–P4), ventral views (K–M) (Scale bars: A, B, G–J, 5 mm; C–F, K–M, 2.5 mm).

FIGURE 1 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 1. Karstarma vulcan sp. nov., holotype, male, 16.2 × 18.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7243). A) dorsal habitus; B–D) carapace and chelae, dorsal, ventral, frontal views respectively; E) buccal cavern, third maxilliped and pterygostomian area (scale bars 10 mm).

FIGURE 3. Entire animal, dorsal view. A in Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan

FIGURE 3. Entire animal, dorsal view. A, Pylopaguropsis bellula Osawa & Okuno, 2007, male (sl 4.1 mm), RUMF-ZC-6042 (IE17); B, Pylopaguropsis fimbriata McLaughlin & Haig, 1989, ovigerous female (sl 4.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-6046 (IE179); C, Pylopaguropsis granulata Asakura, 2000, female (sl 4.8 mm), RUMF-ZC-6052 (HD2017-31); D, Pylopaguropsis keijii McLaughlin & Haig, 1989, male (sl 1.9 mm), RUMF-ZC-6055 (HD2017-87); E, Pylopaguropsis speciosa McLaughlin & Haig, 1989, ovigerous female (sl 3.7 mm), RUMF-ZC-6058 (SH104).

FIGURE 1. Entire animal, dorsal view. A in Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan

FIGURE 1. Entire animal, dorsal view. A, Aniculus retipes Lewinsohn, 1982, male (sl 11.9 mm), RUMF-ZC-6006 (IE141); B, Paguristes jalur Morgan, 1992, male (sl 5.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-6012 (IE69); C, Pseudopaguristes shidarai Asakura, 2004, male (sl 2.6 mm), RUMF-ZC-6020 (HD2017-140); D, Catapaguroides foresti McLaughlin, 2002, male (sl 2.0 mm), RUMFZC-6023 (IE173); E, Catapaguroides iejimensis Osawa & Takeda, 2004, male (sl 1.8 mm), RUMF-ZC-6026 (IE177); F, Catapaguroides longior Komai, Yamada & Shirakawa, 2010, male (sl 2.1 mm), RUMF-ZC-6027 (IE60); G, Catapaguroides longior Komai, Yamada & Shirakawa, 2010, female (sl 1.2 mm), RUMF-ZC-6029 (HD2017-107).

FIGURE 5 in Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan

FIGURE 5. Pagurixus nomurai Komai & Asakura, 1995: female (sl 5.0 mm), RUMF-ZC-6038 (HD2017-65) (A, B); Pylopaguropsis granulata Asakura, 2000: female (sl 4.8 mm), RUMF-ZC-6052 (HD2017-31) (C–E); Pylopaguropsis keijii McLaughlin & Haig, 1989: male (sl 1.9 mm), RUMF-ZC-6055 (HD2017-87) (F). A, carpus of left cheliped, dorsal view; B, dactylus and propodus of left third pereopod, lateral view; C, right chela, dorsal view; D, carpus and merus of left second pereopod, lateral view; E, carpus and merus of left third pereopod, lateral view; F, propodus of right third pereopod, lateral view. Setae omitted from all illustrations. Scales equal 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 4. Catapaguroides foresti McLaughlin, 2002 in Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan

FIGURE 4. Catapaguroides foresti McLaughlin, 2002: male (sl 2.0 mm), RUMF-ZC-6023 (IE173) (A–C), male (sl 1.5 mm), RUMF-ZC-6024 (IE184) (D); Catapaguroides longior Komai, Yamada & Shirakawa, 2010: male (sl 2.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6028 (IE65) (E–H), female (sl 1.2 mm), RUMF-ZC-6029 (HD2017-107) (I, J). A, E, shield and ocular peduncles, dorsal view; B, distal part of right ocular peduncle, lateral view; C, D, G, I, right chela, dorsal view; F, left ocular peduncle, lateral view; H, J, carpus of right cheliped, dorsal view. Setae omitted from all illustrations. Scales equal 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 4. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n in A new genus and new species of pagurid hermit crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from a submarine cave in Kume Island, Ryukyu Islands*

FIGURE 4. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n. sp., holotype, male (sl 2.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-1518. Left cheliped. A, chela and carpus, dorsal view; B, entire left cheliped, mesial view; C, same,, lateral view; D, tips of fingers, dorsal view. Scales: A–C = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n in A new genus and new species of pagurid hermit crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from a submarine cave in Kume Island, Ryukyu Islands*

FIGURE 3. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n. sp., holotype, male (sl 2.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-1518. Right cheliped. A, chela, dorsal view; B, same, mesial view; C, same, lateral (perpendicular) view; D, same, ventral view; E, carpus, dorsal view; F, carpus and merus, lateral view; G, same, mesial view. Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n in A new genus and new species of pagurid hermit crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from a submarine cave in Kume Island, Ryukyu Islands*

FIGURE 2. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n. sp., holotype, male (sl 2.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-1518. Left mouthparts. A, mandible, outer view; B, maxillule, outer view (proximal endite broken off); inset, endopod, lateral view; C, maxilla, outer view; D, endopod of maxilla, inner view; E, first maxilliped, outer view (proximal endite broken); F, second maxilliped, outer view. Scale = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 6. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n in A new genus and new species of pagurid hermit crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from a submarine cave in Kume Island, Ryukyu Islands*

FIGURE 6. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n. sp., holotype, male (sl 2.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-1518. Entire animal in dorsal view, showing colouration in life. Photo: Tin-Yam Chan.

FIGURE 5. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n in A new genus and new species of pagurid hermit crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from a submarine cave in Kume Island, Ryukyu Islands*

FIGURE 5. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n. sp., holotype, male (sl 2.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-1518. Ambulatory legs. A, right second pereopod, lateral view; B, same, dactylus, mesial view; C, left third pereopod, lateral view; D, same, dactylus, mesial view. Scales = 1mm.

FIGURE 1. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n in A new genus and new species of pagurid hermit crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from a submarine cave in Kume Island, Ryukyu Islands*

FIGURE 1. Kumepagurus cavernicolus n. gen., n. sp., holotype, male (sl 2.4 mm), RUMF-ZC-1518. A, shield and cephalic appendages, dorsal view; B, carapace, dorsal view; C, basal segment of left antennular peduncle, ventral view; D, proximal part of left antennal flagellum, dorsal view; E, left third maxilliped, lateral view; F, same, basis and ischium, ventral view; G, left fourth pereopod, lateral view; H, sixth thoracic sternite, ventral view; I, eighth thoracic sternite and coxae of fifth pereopods with sexual tubes, ventral view; J, telson, dorsal view; K, posterior lobe of telson, posterior view. Scales: A, B, D = 1 mm; C, E–K = 0.5 mm.