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Figure 6 from: García AF, Vargas AG, Estrada MG (2022) New records and a new cave-dwelling species of Agoristenidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Colombia. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.78202

Figure 6 Geographic distribution of Avima venezuelica, Avima troglobia and Avima wayuunaiki sp. nov. in Northern South America. A. Map with previous and new records of the species in Colombia and Venezuela (colored areas represent the WWF ecoregions (Olson et al. 2001)); B. Bañaderos cave in La Guajira (Colombia), habitat of A. wayuunaiki sp. nov.; C. Living specimen of A. wayuunaiki sp. nov. Photographs by Miguel Gutiérrez Estrada (B), and Alex González Vargas (C).

Figure 1 from: García AF, Vargas AG, Estrada MG (2022) New records and a new cave-dwelling species of Agoristenidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Colombia. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.78202

Figure 1 Avima wayuunaiki sp. nov. (ICN-Ao-1976), male holotype. Habitus in panoramic (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), lateral (D), and frontal (E) views. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 1 mm (B–E).

Figure 3 from: García AF, Vargas AG, Estrada MG (2022) New records and a new cave-dwelling species of Agoristenidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Colombia. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.78202

Figure 3 SEM of the male genitalia of Avima wayuunaiki sp. nov. (ICN-Ao-1718), paratype. Distal portion of the penis in lateroapical (A), dorsoapical (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and oblique (E) views; detail of stylus in lateral view (F). Abbreviations: MS = Macrosetae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–E); 10 µm (F).

Figure 5 from: García AF, Vargas AG, Estrada MG (2022) New records and a new cave-dwelling species of Agoristenidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Colombia. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.78202

Figure 5 Avima venezuelica Soares & Avram, 1981 (MNRJ 59053), female. Habitus in panoramic (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), lateral (D), and frontal (E) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figure 4 from: García AF, Vargas AG, Estrada MG (2022) New records and a new cave-dwelling species of Agoristenidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Colombia. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.78202

Figure 4 Avima troglobia (Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996) (MNRJ 59052), male. Habitus in dorsal (A), frontal (B), lateral (C), panoramic (D), and ventral (E) views; detail of ocularium showing the eye absence (F). SEM of the penis in lateral (G) and ventral (I) views; detail of the tip of the stylus (H). Scale bars: 2 mm (A–F); 50 µm (G, I), 2 µm (H). Macrosetae colors: A. = green, B. = blue, D. = orange, E. = magenta.

Figure 2 from: García AF, Vargas AG, Estrada MG (2022) New records and a new cave-dwelling species of Agoristenidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Colombia. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.78202

Figure 2 Drawings of Avima wayuunaiki sp. nov. (ICN-Ao-1976), male holotype. Habitus in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views. Left coxa I in ventral view (C). Right chelicera in frontal view (D). Left pedipalp in ventral view (E). Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, D, E); 0.5 mm (C).

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Figures 2-20 from: Salvador RB, Cavallari DC, Simone LRL (2017) Taxonomical study on a sample of land and freshwater snails from caves in central Brazil, with description of a new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 135-141. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10995

Figures 2-20 - Gastrocopta sharae sp. n., holotype (MZSP 122725, H = 1.9 mm, D = 1.1 mm). 2. Apertural view; 3. Apertural view, SEM image; 4. Close-up of the aperture, showing dentition; scale bar = 200 μm. 5–6. Gastrocopta sharae sp. n., paratype (MZSP 122726, H = 1.9 mm, D = 1.1 mm). 5. Apertural view; 6. Apertural view, SEM image. 7–11. Other Gastrocopta spp. from Brazil, shown in apertural view. All images in scale to one another and to Gastrocopta sharae (Figs 2, 3, 5, 6). 7. Gastrocopta barbadensis, from Trindade Island, SEM image (MZSP 104736, H = 1.9 mm); 8. Gastrocopta iheringi, probable syntype, from Bolacha, Rio Grande do Sul state (MZSP 7519, H = 2.5 mm); 9. Gastrocopta oblonga, from Brazil, precise provenance unknown (NMSW unnumbered, H = 2 mm); 10. Gastrocopta servilis, from Fortaleza, Ceará state (MZSP 7520, H = 2 mm); 11. Gastrocopta solitaria, possible holotype, from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (NHMUK unnumbered, H = 2 mm). 12. Pupisoma dioscoricola, apertural view (MZSP 131101, H = 1.6 mm, D = 1.6 mm). 13–14. Cecilioides consobrina (MZSP 131579, H = 1.9 mm, D = 0.6 mm). 13. Apertural view; 14. Apertural view, SEM image. 15–16. Dysopeas muibum (MZSP 131100, H = 5.4 mm, D = 2.3 mm). 15. Apertural view; 16. Apertural view, SEM image. 17. Stenogyra octogyra, apertural view (MZSP 122731, H = 14.3 mm, D = 3.7 mm). 18–19. Entodina jekylli (MZSP 131092, H = 1.6 mm, D = 3.1 mm). 18. Apertural view, SEM image; 19. Apertural view. 20. Prohappia besckei, apertural view, SEM image (MZSP 131096, H = 1.0 mm, D = 1.8 mm).

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Figure 1 from: Salvador RB, Cavallari DC, Simone LRL (2017) Taxonomical study on a sample of land and freshwater snails from caves in central Brazil, with description of a new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 135-141. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10995

Figure 1 - Map showing the Brazilian states of Bahia and Goiás, with the cities where the caves are located (see also Table 1): 1, Igatu/Andaraí; 2, São Desidério; 3, Mambaí; 4, Posse. Abbreviations: GO, Goiás state; BA, Bahia state; DF, Distrito Federal.

Figure 6 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Figure 6 - Stygobromus allegheniensis has continuous light avoidance behavior which does not appear to follow circadian rhythmicity. White boxes indicate illuminated conditions.

Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Figure 3 - Variability in motor rhythms while in continuous darkness in three Ice Cave individuals (A–C) and four Clarksville Cave individuals (D–G) tested in the laboratory. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness.

Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Figure 2 - Experimental protocol and representative motor rhythms of one individual. Ice Cave individuals were subjected in the laboratory to the following conditions: Five half-cycles of darkness, followed by two cycles of light/dark during normal day/night schedules, followed by two cycles of dark/light during reverse day/night schedules, followed by a half-cycle of darkness. Black boxes indicate dark conditions while white boxes represent illuminated conditions. Movements were evaluated for each 10-minute period.

Figure 7 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Figure 7 - Specimens from Clarksville Cave (A–C) and the Ice Cave (D–F) studied in the natural environment of the cave. Under continuous darkness, most specimens had periods of activity with no clear indication of periodicity. Only in one of them (E) there was an apparent 12 hour rest period. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness.

Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Figure 1 - Adult and juvenile specimens of Stygobromus allegheniensis from Ice Cave #1 at Sam's Point Preserve. As is typical of cave-adapted organisms, this species is depigmented, has long appendages, and is fully eyeless. Nonetheless, it can detect light and actively avoids it.

Figure 4 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Figure 4 - Motor activity followed periods of light or darkness regardless of the time of the day. Individuals on the left (A–C) are the same as individuals on the right (A'–C'). Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness and white boxes indicate illuminated conditions.

Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Figure 5 - Entrainment by light is apparently not functioning in the Ice Cave (A–C and A'–C') and Clarksville Cave (D–G) populations. In Stygobromus allegheniensis, the second dark period lacks the anticipation and synchronization of a period of activity, which is a hallmark of organisms possessing a light-entrained circadian rhythm. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness and white boxes indicate illuminated conditions.