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FIG. 9 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 9. Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov. (A) Relationship between total number of analfunnel papillae and total body length; (B) frequency distribution of total number of anal-funnel papillae.

FIG. 1 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 1. Sampling sites for Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov. specimens on two intertidal sandy habitats facing Tomioka Bay in western Kyushu, Japan.

FIG. 5 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 5. Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov. (A) Variation in distribution pattern of posterior abranchiate setigers. In the column at each total number of setigers, the portions which specimens with respective last branchiate setigers occupy are indicated; (B) frequency distribution of number of posterior abranchiate setigers, 0±4, derived from (A).

FIG. 2 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 2. Schematic representation of selected constituent parts of the body of Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov., showing parts measured for dimensions (for de®nitions and measurement methods, see Material and methods). (A) Total body length; (B) prostomium length; (C) body height; (D) body width (shaded part 5 ventral groove); (E) dorsal length of anal funnel; (F) ventral length of anal funnel; (G) length of last three setigers; (H) length of last four setigers; (I) length of anal-funnel papillae; (J) length of long cirrus. The superscripts * and ** denote the length along a curve and that on a straight line, respectively.

FIG. 8 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 8. Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov. Relationships between ventral length of anal funnel and (A) length of last three setigers, (B) length of last four setigers and (C) dorsal length of anal funnel. A straight line of 45ss inclination indicates the same values of the two parameters.

FIG. 4 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 4. Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov. (A) Body-size (total body length) frequency distribution; (B) relationship between total number of setigers and total body length. N, total number of specimens; n, number of specimens with each total number of setigers.

FIG. 7 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 7. Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov. Relationship between total body length and each of three dimensions related to anal funnel: (A) ventral length of anal funnel; (B) mean length of anal-funnel papillae; (C) length of long unpaired cirrus. In (B) and (C) the specimens are subdivided into two groups (open circles and solid diamonds) at an intermediate total body length of 16.5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Description of a new species of Armandia (Polychaeta: Opheliidae) from western Kyushu, Japan, with character variations

FIG. 3. Armandia amakusaensis sp. nov. (NSMT-Pol.H-360). (A) Lateral view of entire animal; (B, C) lateral and dorsal views of anterior end; (D) lateral view of setigers 5±8; (E) lateral view of parapodium from setiger 5; (F) lateral view of parapodium from setiger 16; (G) lateral view of parapodium from setiger 27; (H) capillary seta from notosetae of parapodium 16; (I, J, K) lateral, dorsal and ventral views of posterior end, respectively, with arrow in (J) indicating tip of V-shaped incision.

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FIGURE 2 in Revision of the diagnostic characters of Opisthotropis maculosa Stuart and Chuaynkern, 2007 with notes on its distribution and variation, and a key to the genus Opisthotropis (Squamata: Natricidae)

FIGURE 2. Map of Indochina and southern China showing localities for Opisthotropis maculosa: Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary, Nong Khai Province, Thailand; Shiwanshan Mountain and Wuhuangling Mountain, Guangxi, China; Dawuling Mountain, Guangdong, China.

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FIGURE 1 in Revision of the diagnostic characters of Opisthotropis maculosa Stuart and Chuaynkern, 2007 with notes on its distribution and variation, and a key to the genus Opisthotropis (Squamata: Natricidae)

FIGURE 1. New Chinese specimens of Opisthotropis maculosa. Specimen SYS r0538 (male): (A) General aspect in life; (B, C) dorsal and ventral views of head; (D) dorsolateral view of anal region showing tail thinning at base and thickening posteriorly. Specimen SYS r0537 (female): (E, F) Dorsolateral and ventral views of head; (G) ventral view of anal region. Specimen KFBG 2002.01 (male): (H) hemipenes. Photographs by Jian-Huan Yang and Qing Du.

Figure 13 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 13. Multivariate variation in the eight interlandmark distances measured between ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 in posterior view (distance set 3). A, scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. B, overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the set of distances from the ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Figure 11.

Figure 12 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 12. Multivariate variation in the 15 interlandmark distances measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3 and D4 (distance set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with the highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 13 character states discovered in the collection of distances from the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 11.

Figure 11 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 11. Multivariate variation in the 13 interlandmark distances sampled from the dorsal view of the idiosoma (distance set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 12 character states discovered in the distances from the idiosoma. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open green rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; open red squares, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus catoi; solid black circles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus maya; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac endashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 14 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 14. Single most-parsimonious tree selected in our phylogenetic analysis of the combined morphometric data with TNT (score 95.8119). The character matrix included continuous values of three distance sets and five landmark configurations. Only one shape character, the cauda outline (data set 2), is optimized in this tree. Landmark configurations of cauda shape at terminal nodes are as observed in each species. The numbers on each configuration indicate shapes that are significantly different, as evaluated by the canonical variate analysis and MANOVA for landmark data set 2, as illustrated and labelled in Fig. 7B. In all hypothetical landmark configurations of the cauda shape at internal nodes, deformation vectors at each point indicate displacements relative to the ancestral shape as optimized with TNT.

Figure 8 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 8. Shape variation of the postocularia and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 in dorsal view (data set 3). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 4 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 4. Sets of landmark (LM) and semi-landmark (SLM) configurations designed to register the shape of the dorsal (A–D) and posterior (E) views. (A) collection of 23 points for the anterior idiosoma outline, with three LMs and 20 SLMs (data set 1). (B) chain of 17 points for the cauda outline, with three LMs and 14 SLMs (data set 2). (C) string of ten points for the postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 (data set 3). (D) configuration of four points for the dorsoglandularia D4 (data set 4). (E) Arrangement of ten points for the ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (data set 5).

Figure 7 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 7. Shape variation of the cauda outline in dorsal view (data set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), deformation grids of shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both axes. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. All species were significantly different from each other, and therefore 13 character states were discovered in the cauda outline. Branches in the UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as described in Fig. 6.

Figure 6 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 6. Shape variation of the anterior idiosoma outline in dorsal view (data set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); the deformation grid shows shape changes explained by the first discriminant axis. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the ten character states discovered in the anterior idiosoma outline. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order, as defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; red solid rhombuses, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; black solid circles, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus maya; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 5 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 5. Interlandmark distances (1–36) collected in dorsal (A, B) and posterior (C) views: (A) measurements 1–13 assembled for the idiosoma (distance set 1; (B) distances 14–28 measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 (distance set 2); (C) measurements 29–36 between ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (distance set 3). Lines indicate the interlandmark distances sampled and numbers identify each distance, as listed in Table 3. Numbers with asterisks label distances for which the mean was calculated with the measurements of left and right idiosoma sides.

Figure 1 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 1. Species of Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) included in the morphometric analyses, in dorsal view: (A) Arrenurus anae; (B) Arrenurus colitus; (C) Arrenurus neoexpansus; (D) Arrenurus zitavus; (E) Arrenurus maya; (F) Arrenurus catoi; (G) Arrenurus tabascoensis; (H) Arrenurus anitahoffmannae; (I) Arrenurus urbanus; (J) Arrenurus olmeca; (K) Arrenurus costeroae. The pairs of postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 in (F) are indicated with arrows pointing at gland openings and setae insertions. Scale bars: 100 µm.