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239 results for “cheilostomes”
Figure 3 in Arctic cheilostome bryozoan species of the genus Escharoides
Figure 3. Escharoides jacksoni (Waters, 1900), bleached. (A) Colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids (NHM 2006.07.31.2); (B) autozooid lacking avicularia and ovicellate zooid with paired lateral avicularia (ZI 50/ 354); (C) orifice of autozooid with characteristic plain suboral shelf (NHM 2006.07.31.2); (D) ancestrula and surrounding zooids (ZI 50/354). Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 100 mm (B, C); 200 mm (D).
Figure 2 in Arctic cheilostome bryozoan species of the genus Escharoides
Figure 2. Escharoides bidenkapi (Kluge, 1946), bleached. (A) Colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids (lectotype: ZI 30/2945); (B) ovicellate zooid with two lateral avicularia (ZI 36/5223); (C) orifice of autozooid with two lateral avicularia and characteristic suboral shelf with distal crenulation (ZI 38/5468); (D) ancestrula and surrounding zooids (ZI 38/5468). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 200 mm (B, D).
Figure 1 in Arctic cheilostome bryozoan species of the genus Escharoides
Figure 1. Escharoides coccinea (Abildgaard, 1806), NHM 1911.10.1.1034, Guernsey, bleached. (A) Colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids; (B) ovicellate zooid with two lateral avicularia; (C) autozooid with two lateral avicularia of strikingly unequal sizes; (D) orifice of autozooid. Scale bars: 200 mm (A); 100 mm (B, C); 30 mm (D).
Figures 8–13 in Some bathyal cheilostome Bryozoa (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the Canary Islands (Spain, Eastern Atlantic), with descriptions of three new species, a new genus, and a new family
Figures 8–13. (8) Distansescharella alcicornis (MNCN 25.03/3723). (9–13) Acorania enmediensis gen. et sp. nov.: (9–12) holotype (MNCN 25.03/3726); (13) paratype 1 (MNCN 25.03/3727). (9) Autozooid with ovicell and avicularia, the broken ovicell at right shows the unfused endooecium and ectooecium. (10) Growing tip of a branch. (11) Uniporous chamber, distal side, with pore and limit of the chamber (arrow). (12) Inner side of the frontal wall, with condyles. (13) Ancestrula and first zooids.
Figures 4–7 in Some bathyal cheilostome Bryozoa (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the Canary Islands (Spain, Eastern Atlantic), with descriptions of three new species, a new genus, and a new family
Figures 4–7. Copidozoum magnum sp. n.: (4–6) holotype (MNCN 25.03/3723); (7) paratype (MNCN 25.03/ 3723). (4) Autozooids, ovicells, and avicularia. (5) Avicularium. (6) Broken ovicell, with the basal kenozooid below. (7) Ancestrula (a) and first zooids, the small ancestrula at right (C.a.) belongs to Distansescharella alcicornis.
Cheilostome cyclostome assemblage 2020
<p><span><span>Examining the supposition <span>that local-scale competition</span> drives <span>macroevolutionary patterns</span> has become a familiar goal in fossil biodiversity studies. But it is an elusive goal, hampered by inadequate confirmation of ecological equivalence and interactive processes between clades, patchy sampling, few comparative analyses of local species assemblages over long geologic intervals, and a dearth of appropriate statistical tools. We address these concerns by reevaluating <span>one of the classic examples of clade displacement in the fossil record, in which cheilostome bryozoans surpass the once dominant cyclostomes. Here, we analyze a newly expanded and vetted compilation of 40,190 fossil species occurrences to estimate cheilostome and cyclostome patterns of species proportions within assemblages, global genus richness, and genus origination and extinction rates while accounting for sampling. Comparison of time series models using linear stochastic differential equations suggests that inter-clade genus origination and extinction rates are causally linked to each other in a complex feedback relationship rather than by simple correlations or unidirectional relationships, and that these rates are not causally linked to changing within-assemblage proportions of cheilostome versus cyclostome species.</span></span></span></p>
Figure 20 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 20. Bellulopora bellula (Osburn), Recent, Florida, Atlantic Ocean, NHM 1986.8.14.20. A, ovicell at colony growing edge. B, complete ovicell. C, interior of the ovicell, showing part of the peristome underlying the ovicell opening. D, basal pore chamber (centre bottom), two costal pores and intercostal fusions. E, interior of the ovicell; lower part is the cavity of a kenozooid (floor partly visible) that communicates with its pore chambers through the pores; upper part is the brooding cavity. F, higher magnification of the boundary between the wall of the cavity of the kenozooid (lower right) and the internal wall of an ovicell rib (upper left). Scale bars: A, B = 100 Mm; C-E = 50 Mm; F = 5 Mm.
Figure 12 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 12. Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks), photographed wet; Recent, Australia. A, autozooids and two ovicells (top left and bottom right). B, ovicell showing costal banding. C, slightly oblique view of ovicell (orientated top left to bottom right), showing lateral foramen (black slit) parallel to the lateral ovicell groove. D, another ovicell (orientated bottom right to top left), with costal coelomic lumens visible as pale bands in the ovicell roof. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm, B-D = 200 Mm.
Figure 6 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 6. Stichomicropora oceani (d'Orbigny), Lower Cenomanian, Sarthe, France, NHM D55549. A, growing edge of a colony, showing pore chambers and intrazooecial budding style. B, nonbrooding zooids, with oral and proximal mural spines. C, oblique view of the colony, with brooding and nonbrooding zooids. D, orifice of maternal zooid and ovicell spine bases arranged in a distally concave arch along the mural rim of the distal zooid, apart from the outermost spine bases which are slightly separated from the mural rim. Scale bars: A = 250 Mm; B, C = 100 Mm; D = 50 Mm.
Figure 13 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 13. Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks) sensu lato, Recent, Chios, Mediterranean, NHM 1975.1.12.405pt. A, group of zooids with two complete and one incomplete ovicell. B, ovicell showing maternal zooid, distal zooid with orifice plugged by operculum, and lateral foramina. C, incomplete ovicell with cryptocystal overgrowths on the gymnocystal ovicell floor. D, complete ovicell. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm; B-D = 200 Mm.
Figure 4. A in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 4. A, Distelopora langi Ostrovsky & Taylor, fragment of a colony, with two broken ovicells showing ovicell spine bases in a gently curved arch; medial spine bases are adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid. Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England, NHM D23111. B-D, Distelopora spinifera Ostrovsky & Taylor; Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England. B, part of a colony, showing spine bases of three ovicells; NHM D21651. C, ovicell spine bases arranged in a semicircle, the medial spines adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid; NHM D21667. D, poorly preserved ovicell in which the medial spine bases are some distance from the mural rim of the distal zooid; NHM D21897. Scale bars: A, B = 100 Mm; C, D = 25 Mm.
Figure 16. A-C in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 16. A-C, Macropora levinseni Brown, Recent, New Zealand, NIWA. A, partly bleached ovicell, viewed laterally. B, interior of brooding cavity, showing bases of ooecial costae overgrown by cryptocyst; gymnocystal ovicell floor is below. C, ovicell upside down, showing the pores in its floor. D-F, Macropora polymorpha (Philipps). Recent, New Zealand, NIWA. D, developing ovicell, showing gymnocystal floor and intercostal spaces with cryptocystal fabric. E, upside-down ovicell, showing the kenozooidal supporting zooid (top) and peripheral pores in the ovicell floor. F, part of the developing ovicell, showing costal coelomic lumina connected with lacunae in the cryptocystal matrix. Scale bars: A, D = 500 Mm; B, F = 100 Mm; C, E = 200 Mm.
Figure 2. Heteroecium amplectens Hincks, NHM 99.5.1.702 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 2. Heteroecium amplectens Hincks, NHM 99.5.1.702, Recent, Western Australia. A, part of a colony with several nonbrooding zooids and one brooding zooidal complex. B, brooding zooidal complex. C, brooding zooidal complex from below (distal to the right); openings of the costae surround the floor of brood chamber. D, membranous area with two appendages in the brood-chamber floor; a communication pore in the transverse wall between the maternal zooid and distal kenozooiod can be seen in the left lower corner. Scale bars: A, C = 100 Mm; B, D = 50 Mm.
Figure 11. A-C in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 11. A-C, Monoporella sp. 1, Recent, Japan, Pacific Ocean, GSUH. A, oblique lateral view of bleached colony fragment with an ovicell; note distal fissures and large foramina. B, internal ooecial wall, showing fused costae and slits between their bases covered with cryptocyst. C, broken costal bases embedded in cryptocyst. D-F, Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks), Recent, Australia; unbleached broken ovicell roof upside down; membranous walls are seen on both sides, as well as three flattened costae covered by cryptocyst which is pierced by canals; cryptocystal insertions with pores are seen between the costae. Scale bars: A = 200 Mm; B, D, E, F = 50 Mm; C = 10 Mm.
Figure 5. A, B in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 5. A, B, Unidistelopora krauseae (Voigt & Schneemilch), Lower Campanian, northern Germany, VC T10580. A, maternal zooid with ovicell and intramural bud. B, ovicell spine bases arranged in a semicircle along a ridge on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid. C-F, Gilbertopora larwoodi Ostrovsky & Taylor, Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England. C, complete ovicell of two flattened spines; NHM D23297. D, complete ovicell viewed from the side, showing a lateral foramen; NHM D23298. E, complete ovicell in proximal view, showing the main opening of the ovicell; NHM D23298. F, complete ovicell in distal view, showing the distal opening; NHM D23298. Scale bars: A = 100 Mm; B-F = 50 Mm.
Figure 23 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 23. Schematic diagrams of brood chambers in Monoporellidae (A, C, D) and Macroporidae (B, E) in longitudinal and transverse section, showing maternal and distal zooids; cryptocystal ooecial matrix is shadowed. A, Monoporella sp. 1. B, Macropora sp. 1 and M. cribrilifera (transverse section made through cryptocystal (left) and gymnocystal (right) components of the ribs). C, Monoporella sp. 2. D, Monoporella nodulifera. E, Macropora levinseni.
Figure 15. A, B in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 15. A, B, Macropora sp. 1., Lower Miocene, Auckland, New Zealand. A, colony with one complete and one damaged ovicell; NHM BZ5202. B, broken ovicell; NHM BZ5203. C, Macropora sp. 2, Recent, Cavalli Seamounts, New Zealand, NIWA. Ovicell from the inside, showing gymnocystal costal surfaces and intercostal spaces with cryptocystal fabric and fissures between them. D-F, Macropora uttleyi López de la Cuadra & García Gómez, Recent, Cavalli Seamounts, Pacific Ocean, NIWA. D, ovicellate zooid. E, broken ovicell, showing gymnocystal floor and inner costal surfaces. F, detail of ovicell interior, showing flat-surfaced costae and intercostal spaces with pores and cryptocystal fabric. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm; B, C = 100 Mm; D, E = 200 Mm; F = 50 Mm.
Figure 10. A, B in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 10. A, B, Monoporella multilamellosa (Canu & Bassler), Eocene, North Carolina, USA, NHM BZ4860. A, complete ovicell consisting of two flattened and expanded spines overgrown distally by a narrow fringe of cryptocyst; note lateral foramina. B, broken ovicell exposing gymnocystal floor and showing the medial gap between the bases of the two ovicell spines. C-F, Monoporella sp. 2, Recent, Alaska. C, bleached colony fragment with two complete ovicells and lateral foramen arrowed; MNHN 2856–7(b). D, unbleached ovicell; MNHN 2856–7(a). E, broken costa showing coelomic lumen; MNHN 2856–7(b). F, oblique view showing gymnocystal internal surface of ovicell; note limit of the cryptocystal expansion from the outer ovicell surface, and longitudinal grooves; MNHN 2856–7(b). Scale bars: A, B, E, F = 100 Mm; C = 500 Mm; D = 200 Mm.
Figure 1. Tendra zostericola Nordmann, NHM 11.10.1.489 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 1. Tendra zostericola Nordmann, NHM 11.10.1.489, Recent, Black Sea. A, part of a colony with both brooding and nonbrooding zooids. B, brooding zooid with overlapping frontal spines. C, partially formed brood chamber (left) and brooding zooid with spines developed only on one side (right). D, sparse mural spines in nonbrooding zooid (lower right) and three brooding zooids with different variants of the frontal spine arrangement. Scale bars: A = 250 Mm; B = 100 Mm; C = 125 Mm; D = 150 Mm.
Figure 22 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans
Figure 22. Schematic diagrams of brood chambers in Monoporellidae (A-C), Cribrilinidae (D, E) in longitudinal and transverse section, showing maternal and distal zooids (fossil spinose ovicells reconstructed). A, Stichomicropora spp. with articulated ovicell spine bases; B, Stichimicropora baccata. C, Monoporella multilamellosa. D, Leptocheilopora spp. E, Bellulopora bellula.
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