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FIGURE 13 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 13. Cryptocellus macagual, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (ICN Ari 019). A. Cucullus and chelicerae, anterior aspect. B. Posterior end of opisthosoma, dorsal aspect. C–E. Leg I distal segments, prolateral (C), dorsal (D), and retroventral (E) aspects. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 11. Cryptocellus islacolon, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (OUMNH 2010-028-001). A. Cucullus, anterior aspect. B–D. Dextral pedipalp, prolateral aspect (B), femur, ventral aspect (C), and tibia, ventral aspect (D). E, F. Leg III distal segments, prolateral (E) and retrolateral (F) aspects. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 1. Map of South and Central America, plotting known locality records of Cryptocellus canutama, sp. nov., Cryptocellus chiruisla Botero-Trujillo and Flórez, 2017, Cryptocellus goodnighti Platnick and Shadab, 1981, Cryptocellus guaviarensis Botero-Trujillo and Flórez, 2017, Cryptocellus islacolon, sp. nov., Cryptocellus jamari, sp. nov., Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976, and Cryptocellus macagual, sp. nov. Horizontal lines separate groups of putative relatives.

FIGURE 5 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 5. Cryptocellus jamari, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (CHNUFPI 2221). A. Carapace, dorsal aspect. B. Coxosternal region, ventral aspect. C, D. Opisthosoma, dorsal (C) and ventral (D) aspects. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 4. Cryptocellus canutama, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (CHNUFPI 2215). A. Cucullus, anterior aspect. B. Anterior part of opisthosoma, dorsal aspect. C, E. Leg III distal segments, prolateral aspect (C) and closeup of copulatory apparatus (E). D. Leg III distal segments, retrolateral aspect. F. Pedipalp, prolateral aspect. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A, B, F), 0.25 mm (C–E).

FIGURE 2 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 2. Cryptocellus canutama, sp. nov., male (A, B) and nymph (C), and Cryptocellus jamari, sp. nov., female (D, E) and nymphs (F), habitus in life.

FIGURE 3 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 3. Cryptocellus canutama, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (CHNUFPI 2215). A. Carapace, dorsal aspect. B. Coxosternal region, ventral aspect. C, D. Opisthosoma, dorsal (C) and ventral (D) aspects. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 8. Cryptocellus jamari, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (CHNUFPI 2221). A, C. Leg III distal segments, prolateral aspect (A) and closeup of copulatory apparatus (C). B. Leg III distal segments, retrolateral aspect. D. Pedipalp, prolateral aspect. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (A–C), 0.5 mm (D).

FIGURE 12 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 12. Cryptocellus macagual, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (ICN Ari 019). A. Carapace and cucullus, dorsal aspect. B. Coxosternal region and cucullus, ventral aspect. C, D. Opisthosoma, dorsal (C) and ventral (D) aspects. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 10. Cryptocellus islacolon, sp. nov., paratype ♀ (OUMNH 2010-028-002). A. Carapace, dorsal aspect. B. Coxosternal region, ventral aspect. C, D. Opisthosoma, dorsal (C) and ventral (D) aspects. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 6. Cryptocellus jamari, sp. nov., paratype ♀ (CHNUFPI 3622). A. Carapace, dorsal aspect. B. Coxosternal region, ventral aspect. C, D. Opisthosoma, dorsal (C) and ventral (D) aspects. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Four New Species of "Hooded Tick-Spiders" (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with Clarification of the Identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976

FIGURE 7. Cryptocellus jamari, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (CHNUFPI 2221). A. Soma, lateral aspect. B. Cucullus, anterior aspect. C. Anterior part of opisthosoma, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

APPENDIX 9 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

APPENDIX 9. — Phylogenetic reconstruction of ITS sequences from Amanita curtipes related specimens collected in worldwide locations (Appendix 10), using A. lepiotoides Barla as outgroup. The known epithets are next to the brackets, sp designating unknown taxa. Using a 75% coverage cutoff, a total of 584 aligned positions were analysed with the Maximum Likelihood method and the General Time Reversible substitution model (Nei & Kumar 2000), with a discrete Gamma distribution to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (5 categories [gamma parameter 0.4648]). Bootstrap support values above 0.66 (200 replicates) are shown next to the relevant nodes.

APPENDIX 10. — Additional ITS sequences used for Appendix 9 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

APPENDIX 10. — Additional ITS sequences used for Appendix 9, approximately in the same order. Abbreviations: MO, Mushroom Observer (https://mushroomobserver.org); iNAT, iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations).

APPENDIX 8 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

APPENDIX 8. — Examples of basidiospore outlines from the Spring 2015 Luzianes collections. Scale bar: 10 μm.

APPENDIX 4 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

APPENDIX 4. — Descriptive (mean ± SE) plots for basidiospore length (L), width (l) and L/l ratio (Q). Sample identifiers refer to the Ode samples (Spring 2015) and P01 (Spring 2010).

APPENDIX 2 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

APPENDIX 2. — Example of a matched comparison of Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R.Heim (ApoIf2-ITS4) and A. pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov. (ITS3- ApsIr3) for the same set of samples representing these two species, along with others of A. curtipes E.-J.Gilbert and A. lepiotoides Barla, and an unknown sample (SM-DB 61). The whole contents of each 20 µL PCR reactions were loaded, to help detect faint signals. Negative controls (neg.) with water instead of DNA. Amanita ponderosa is represented by the valens type (G73) and three samples from Spring 2010 (B07, P08, B10). Amanita pseudovalens is represented by the pseudovalens type (G74), the two MPU samples, Ode05 and Ode07. The Amanita curtipes samples (M03, M04 and M05) may produce a weak co-migrating band with the ITS3-ApsIR3 primer pair, and the A. lepiotoides samples (G08 and Eusk) were negative in both cases. Positive control reactions were not attempted because herbaria materials may be contaminated with other fungi.

FIG. 6 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

FIG. 6. — Results of PCR amplifications using discriminant probes for Amanita pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov.: A, ITS region: ITS3-ApsIr3 (all samples positive with concurring control with primers ITS3-ITS4, not shown); B, LSU region: NLC2R-ApsLr2 (all positive with control NLC2R-LR5); Ode15 and Ode16 were negative and positive, respectively, in another amplification (not shown); M, molecular marker; neg. designates the negative control (water); pos. designates the positive control (the P01 extract).

FIG. 1 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

FIG. 1. — Locations of the collections used in this study (see Table 1 for details). The letters designate Landscape Units: P, Alto Alentejo; R, Alentejo Central; S, Baixo Alentejo; U, Serras do Algarve e do Litoral Alentejano. The area is outlined on the inset with a yellow rectangle. Source: DGT, Carta de Unidades de Paisagem (CUP), https://www.dgterritorio.gov.pt/dados-abertos

FIG. 2 in The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

FIG. 2. — Phylogenetic placement of the type nrDNA sequences, in relation to ITS + LSU sequences from european Amanita Pers. taxa belonging to the Amidella clade (only the terminal epithets are shown). Using a 70% coverage cutoff, a total of 1121 aligned positions were analysed with the Maximum Likelihood method and the Tamura-Nei (Tamura & Nei 1993) substitution model, with a discrete Gamma distribution to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (five categories [gamma parameter 0.7526]), allowing for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable (40.90% sites). The percentage bootstrap support for each node (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. The support for each species clade is 99% (Amanita pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov.), 100% (Amanita curtipes E.-J.Gilbert), 100% (Amanita lepiotoides Barla) and 100% (Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R.Heim). The scale indicates 0.02 substitutions per site.