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133 results for “climate sensitivity”
Re-assessment of the climatic controls on the carbon and water fluxes of a boreal aspen forest over 1996-2016: changing sensitivity to long-term climatic conditions
<p>Recent evidence suggests that the relationships between climate and boreal tree growth are generally non-stationary; however, it remains uncertain whether the relationships between climate and carbon (C) fluxes of boreal forests are stationary or have changed over recent decades. In this study, we used continuous eddy-covariance and microclimate data over 21 years (1996-2016) from a 100-year-old trembling aspen stand in central Saskatchewan, Canada to assess the relationships between climate and ecosystem C and water fluxes. Over the study period, the most striking climatic event was a severe, 3-year drought (2001-2003). Gross ecosystem production (GEP) showed larger interannual variability than ecosystem respiration (<em>R</em><sub>e</sub>) over 1996-2016, but <em>R</em><sub>e</sub> was the dominant component contributing to the interannual variation in net ecosystem production (NEP) during post-drought years. The inter-annual variations in evapotranspiration (ET) and C fluxes were primarily driven by temperature and secondarily by water availability. Two-factor linear models combining precipitation and temperature performed well in explaining the inter-annual variation in C and water fluxes (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>>0.5). The temperature dependence of all three C fluxes (NEP, GEP and <em>R</em><sub>e</sub>) declined over 1996-2015 (<em>p</em><0.05), and as a result, the phenological controls on annual NEP weakened. The decreasing temperature sensitivity of the C fluxes over 1996-2015 may reflect changes in forest structure, related to the over-maturity of the aspen stand at 100-years of age and exacerbated by high tree mortality following the severe 2001-2003 drought. These results may provide an early warning signal of driver shift or even an abrupt status shift of aspen forest dynamics. They may also imply a universal weakening in the relationship between temperature and GEP as forests become over-mature, associated with the structural and compositional changes that accompany forest ageing.</p>
Data from: Contrasting climate sensitivity of Pinus cembra tree-ring traits in the Carpathians
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>High elevation ecosystems are one of the most sensitive to climate change. The analysis of growth and xylem structure of trees from marginal populations, especially the ones growing at the treeline, could provide early-warning signs to better understand species-specific responses to future climate conditions. In this study, we combined classical dendrochronology with wood density and anatomical measurements to investigate the climate sensitivity of <em>Pinus cembra</em> L., a typical European high-elevation tree species </span><span>distributed in isolated patches</span><span> in the Carpathians. Samples were collected from the Retezat Mountains, South-Western Romania. We analyzed ring-width (TRW), maximum density (MXD), xylem anatomical traits (cell number per ring (CNo), cell density (CD), conduit area (CA), and cell-wall </span><span>thickness (CWT)) time series, split into </span><span>ring </span><span>sectors and assessed the relationships with monthly and daily climate records over the last century (1901-2015). The analysis showed a strong dependency of TRW on CNo and MXD on CWT. Summer temperature positively correlated with MXD and CWT (monthly correlation (<em><span>r) </span></em><span>were<em> </em></span>0.65 and 0.48 respectively) from the early- to late-wood but not TRW (<em><span>r</span></em>=0.22). CA positively correlated with water availability (<em><span>r=</span></em>0.37) and negatively correlated with temperature (<em><span>r=</span></em>-0.39). This study improves our general understanding of the climate-growth relationships of a European</span><span> high-elevation tree species and the results could be considered for forecasting population dynamics on projected changes in climate.</span></p>
Asymmetry of thermal sensitivity and the thermal risk of climate change
<p>Aim. Understanding and predicting the biological consequences of climate change requires considering the thermal sensitivity of organisms relative to environmental temperatures. One common approach involves "thermal safety margins" (TSMs), which are generally estimated as the temperature differential between the highest temperature an organism can tolerate (CTmax) and the mean or maximum environmental temperature it experiences. Yet, organisms face thermal stress and performance loss at body temperatures below their CTmax, and the steepness of that loss increases with the asymmetry of the thermal performance curve (TPC).</p> <p>Location. Global</p> <p>Time period. 2015-2019.</p> <p>Major taxa studied. Ants, fish, insects, lizards, and phytoplankton.</p> <p>Methods. We examine variability in TPC asymmetry and the implications for thermal stress for 384 populations from 289 species across taxa and for metrics including ant and lizard locomotion, fish growth, and insect and phytoplankton fitness.</p> <p>Results. We find that the thermal optimum (Topt, beyond which performance declines) is more labile than CTmax, inducing interspecific variation in asymmetry. Importantly, the degree of TPC asymmetry increases with Topt. Thus, even though populations with higher Topts in a hot environment might experience above-optimal body temperatures less often than do populations with lower Topts, they nonetheless experience steeper declines in performance at high body temperatures. Estimates of the annual cumulative decline in performance for temperatures above Topt suggest that TPC asymmetry alters the onset, rate, and severity of performance decrement at high body temperatures.</p> <p>Main conclusions. Species with the same TSMs can experience different thermal risk due to differences in TPC asymmetry. Metrics that incorporate additional aspects of TPC shape better capture the thermal risk of climate change than do TSMs.</p>
The active role of the ocean in time-varying climate sensitivity
<p>Data sets for CO2-quadrupling partially-coupled (partially-coupled_var_1001_1150 and full-coupled (fully-coupled_var_1001_1150.nc) experiments and their control fully-coupled experiment. CO2-quadrupling Slab experiments, with passive Q-flux forcing and the active Q-flux forcing and their control slab experiment (slab_exp.nc).</p>
Data from: The functional diversity–productivity relationship of woody plants is climatically sensitive
<p><span>Plot-scale experiments show that functional diversity (FD) plays a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem functions such as net primary productivity (NPP). However, how FD affects NPP across larger scales under varying climatic conditions is sparsely studied, yet is important for forest–atmosphere interactions and policy development. </span></p> <p><span>Hence, we assess the effects of functional dispersion (FDis) and community-weighted means (CWMs) of woody plant traits on NPP across China and if such effects are modulated by climatic conditions at large scale. Using comprehensive datasets on distribution, functional traits and productivity for 9120 Chinese woody plant species, we evaluated the distribution pattern and the relationships of FDis and CWM (including three orthogonal trait indicators: plant size, photosynthetic capacity and flower duration) with NPP through multiple linear regression models. Structural equation models were used to test the effects of climatic conditions on FDis/CWM–NPP relationships.</span></p> <p><span>We found both general FD effects, but also that the magnitude of these could be modified by climate, with CWM and FDis of plant size especially promoting NPP in warm and wet regions, respectively. Climate indirectly increased NPP through positive effects on CWM or FDis, notably via mean photosynthetic capacity.</span></p> <p><span>This study provides the first comprehensive evidence for FD effects on NPP under varying climates at large scale. Importantly, our results suggest a general increase in the importance of plant traits for woody vegetation NPP with rising temperatures and wetter climates. Restoration and reforestation actions need to carefully consider not just CWMs and FDis, but, as an additional path, also their interactions with climate, to predict how FD may promote ecosystem functioning under future climatic conditions.</span></p>
Data for "Why Climate Sensitivity may be Constrained by Observable Natural Variability"
<p>Surface temperature and top-of-atmosphere radiation data from a 700-yr CO<sub>2</sub>-doubling experiment performed with the fully-coupled CESM1. Given on the CAM5 native grid (1 degree nominal resolution) as annual means. </p> <p>Data include annual TS (radiative surface temperature; in K), FLNT (net longwave radiation out at top-of-atmosphere), FSNT (net shortwave radiation in at top-of-atmosphere), FLNTC (net clear-sky longwave radiation out at top-of-atmosphere) and FSNTC (net clear-sky shortwave radiation out at top-of-atmosphere).</p>
Dataset for "How Asymmetries Between Arctic and Antarctic Climate Sensitivity are Modified by the Ocean"
<p>Data for "How Asymmetries Between Arctic and Antarctic Climate Sensitivity are Modified by the Ocean", submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.</p> <p>Data are given for DJF, JJA, and the annual average for the following CESM experiments:</p> <ul> <li>A single 2XCO2 fully-coupled CESM-CAM5 run. Over years 0-30, 60-90, 150-180, and 470-500.</li> <li>Five CESM-SOM (slab ocean model) experiments, including PertAtm, PertAtm+PertOcn15, PertAtm+PertOcn85, PertAtm+PertOcn165, and PertAtm+PertOcn485.</li> </ul>
Dataset for "Estimating Contribution of Sea Ice and Land Snow to Climate Sensitivity"
<p>The reproducible dataset for "Estimating Contribution of Sea Ice and Land Snow to Climate Sensitivity".</p>
Supporting model output for 'Empirical stream thermal sensitivities may underestimate stream temperature response to climate warming'.
<p>Model output used to generate figures in the manuscript 'Empirical stream thermal sensitivities may underestimate stream temperature response to climate warming'.</p>
Data from: Old-growth forests buffer climate-sensitive bird populations from warming
Aim: Habitat loss and climate change constitute two of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide, and theory predicts that these factors may act synergistically to affect population trajectories. Recent evidence indicates that structurally complex old-growth forest can be cooler than other forest types during spring and summer months, thereby offering potential to buffer populations from negative effects of warming. Old growth may also have higher food and nest-site availability for certain species, which could have disproportionate fitness benefits as species approach their thermal limits. Location: Pacific Northwestern United States. Methods: We predicted that negative effects of climate change on 30-year population trends of old-growth-associated birds should be dampened in landscapes with high proportions of old-growth forest. We modelled population trends from Breeding Bird Survey data for 13 species as a function of temperature change and proportion old-growth forest. Results: We found a significant negative effect of summer warming on only two species. However, in both of these species, this relationship between warming and population decline was not only reduced but reversed, in old-growth-dominated landscapes. Across all 13 species, evidence for a buffering effect of old-growth forest increased with the degree to which species were negatively influenced by summer warming. Main conclusions: These findings suggest that old-growth forests may buffer the negative effects of climate change for those species that are most sensitive to temperature increases. Our study highlights a mechanism whereby management strategies to curb degradation and loss of old-growth forests—in addition to protecting habitat—could enhance biodiversity persistence in the face of climate warming.
Magnitude-duration relationships of physiological sensitivity and environmental exposure improve climate change vulnerability assessments
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Integrating thermal physiology with environmental temperature is essential to understanding distributions of species and vulnerability to climate change. Warming tolerance—the difference between an organism's maximum thermal tolerance (T<sub>max</sub>) and maximum habitat temperature (T<sub>hab</sub>)—is frequently used to integrate organismal sensitivity and environmental exposure. Traditionally, applications of warming tolerance define T<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>hab</sub> as invariable magnitudes, yet tolerance magnitude depends on exposure duration and diel temperature cycles expose organisms to a range of temperature magnitudes and durations. How traditional (<em>i.e.</em>, acute) estimates of warming tolerance compare to estimates from prolonged exposures remains poorly understood. In this study, magnitude-duration curves for tolerances of one cold-water, two cool-water, and one warm-water species of freshwater fish were compiled from the literature and compared to magnitude-duration exposures from 66 streams across the eastern United States. Warming tolerances were estimated for exposure durations spanning 0.01 to 24 hours. Current acute (0.01 hours) warming tolerances ranged from median 6.30°C for the cold-water species to 9.68°C for the warm-water species. The lowest warming tolerances corresponded to prolonged exposures lasting median 3.85 to 5.30 hours among species and were 2.51 to 4.38°C lower than acute estimates. Although acute estimates remained positive in historically occupied and unoccupied streams (6.30°C versus 2.33°C), estimates based on prolonged exposure were positive at occupied streams of the cold-water species but transitioned to negative in unoccupied streams (2.19°C versus -1.12°C). Acute warming tolerances for the cold-water species also remained positive under future climate (6.29 to 4.23°C) but approached zero at prolonged durations (2.19 to 0.09°C) and transitioned to negative for 47.2% of streams. Results demonstrate that acute measures of T<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>hab</sub> overestimate warming tolerances and therefore underestimate climate change vulnerability. Integrating magnitude-duration relationships into warming tolerance estimates can elucidate physiological mechanisms underlying species distributions and can improve accuracy of climate change vulnerability assessments.</span></p>
Data for the paper: Equilibrium climate sensitivity increases with aerosol concentration due to changes in precipitation efficiency
<p>This data-set contains the data requires for the paper "Equilibrium climate sensitivity increases with aerosol concentration due to changes in precipitation efficiency" by Guy Dagan</p> <p>The indexes (20/200/2000) in the variable name represent the aerosol concentration in the relevel simulation. The other index (1/2/4) represent the CO2 concentration (1 time, 2 times and 4 times the pre-industrial conditions). Other than that, the variables names are as they appear in the manuscript. </p>
Global distribution and climate sensitivity of the tropical montane forest nitrogen cycle
<p>Tropical forests are pivotal to global climate and biogeochemical cycles, yet the geographic distribution of nutrient limitation to plants and microbes across the biome is unresolved. One long-standing generalization is that tropical montane forests are nitrogen (N)-limited whereas lowland forests tend to be N-rich. However, empirical tests of this hypothesis have yielded equivocal results. Here we evaluate the topographic signature of the ecosystem-level tropical N cycle by examining climatic and geophysical controls of surface soil N content and stable isotopes (δ15N) from elevational gradients distributed across tropical mountains globally. We document steep increases in soil N concentration and declining δ15N with increasing elevation, consistent with decreased microbial N processing and lower gaseous N losses. Temperature explained much of the change in N, with an apparent temperature sensitivity (Q10) of ~1.9. Although montane forests make up 11% of forested tropical land area, we estimate they account for > 17% of the global tropical forest soil N pool. Our findings support the existence of widespread microbial N limitation across tropical montane forest ecosystems and high sensitivity to climate warming.</p>
Behavioral responses of a large, heat-sensitive mammal to climatic variation at multiple spatial scales
<p>1. Climate warming creates energetic challenges for endothermic species by increasing metabolic and hydric costs of thermoregulation. Although endotherms can invoke an array of behavioral and physiological strategies for maintaining homeostasis, the relative effectiveness of those strategies in a climate that is becoming both warmer and drier is not well understood.</p> <p>2. In accordance with the heat dissipation limit theory, which suggests that allocation of energy to growth and reproduction by endotherms is constrained by the ability to dissipate heat, we expected that patterns of habitat use by large, heat-sensitive mammals across multiple scales are critical for behavioral thermoregulation during periods of potential heat stress and that they must invest a large portion of time to maintain heat balance.</p> <p>3. To test our predictions, we evaluated mechanisms underpinning the effectiveness of bed sites for ameliorating daytime heat loads and potential heat stress across the landscape while accounting for other factors known to affect behavior. We integrated detailed data on microclimate and animal attributes of moose <em>Alces</em> <em>alces</em>, into a biophysical model to quantify costs of thermoregulation at fine and coarse spatial scales.</p> <p>4. During summer, moose spent an average of 67.8% of daylight hours bedded, and selected bed sites and home ranges that reduced risk of experiencing heat stress. For most of the day, shade could effectively mitigate the risk of experiencing heat stress up to 10°C, but at warmer temperatures (up to 20℃) wet soil was necessary to maintain homeostasis via conductive heat loss. Consistent selection across spatial scales for locations that reduced heat load underscores the importance of the thermal environment as a driver of behavior in this heat-sensitive mammal.</p> <p>5. Moose in North America have long been characterized as riparian-obligate species because of their dependence on woody plant species for food. Nevertheless, the importance of dissipating endogenous heat loads conductively through wet soil suggests riparian habitats also are critical thermal refuges for moose. Such refuges may be especially important in the face of a warming climate in which both high environmental temperatures and drier conditions will likely exacerbate limits to heat dissipation, especially for large, heat-sensitive animals.</p>
Agro-climatic sensitivity data of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Sri Lanka
<p>Proso millet (<em>Panicum miliaceum </em>L.) is a drought tolerant underutilised crop cultivated in rainfed subsistence agricultural systems. Proso millet yields were simulated using a calibrated Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model for 95 locations in Sri Lanka. The yield maps were generated according to the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) model using ArcMap 10.7.1. The database contains Proso millet yield maps for current climate and yield change under 5 hypothetical climate change scenarios; 1<sup>o</sup>C, 1.5 <sup>o</sup>C and 2 <sup>o</sup>C temperature increments, 25% rainfall increment, and 25% rainfall reduction compared to the baseline (1980-2009) climate.</p>
Processed CMIP6 data for "The climate response to the Mt Pinatubo eruption does not constrain climate sensitivity"
<p>Processed CMIP6 output for Pauling et al. "The climate response to the Mt Pinatubo eruption does not constrain climate sensitivity" submitted to Geophysical Research Letters in 2023.</p> <p>Download this code repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7553024 and follow the instructions in the README to download data and reproduce the results of the paper.</p>
Sensitivity of the global ocean carbon sink to the ocean skin in a climate model : IPSL-CM6 dataset
<p>Daily outputs of 2000-2014 historical run with IPSL-CM6 (Boucher et al. 2020) with Bellenger et al. (2017) parameterization of the ocean skin (Bellenger et al. 2023)</p> <p>CM62-OSCO2-hist-2000-2014-1D.nc contains air-sea CO2 fluxes:</p> <p>F_CTL : Prognostic classical bulk flux from the control (CTL) run</p> <p>F_MBL_CTL : Diagnostic flux using the interactive ocean skin and the equilibrium model (Woolf et al. 2016) from the CTL run</p> <p>F_TBL_CTL : Diagnostic flux using the interactive ocean skin and the rapid model (Woolf et al. 2016) from the CTL run</p> <p>F_Wat_CTL : Diagnostic flux using a uniform ocean skin (Watson et al. 2020) from the CTL run</p> <p>F_MBL_CPL: Prognostic flux using the interactive ocean skin and the equilibrium model from the coupled (CPL) run</p> <p>CM62-OSCO2-hist-2000-2014-1D_oceanskin.nc contains ocean skin related outputs:</p> <p>tos / sos : Temperature / salinity of the ocean model's first level</p> <p>t_int / s_int : Temperature /salinity at the interface</p> <p>t_mbl / s_mbl : Temperature /salinity at the base of the Mass Boundary Layer (MBL)</p> <p>t_tbl : Temperature at the base of the Thermal Boundary Layer (TBL)</p> <p><em>Bellenger H., K. Drushka, W. E. Asher, G. Reverdin, M. Katsumata, and M. Watanabe: Extension of the prognostic model of sea surface temperature to rain-induced cool and fresh lenses, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 484–507</em></p> <p>Bellenger, H., Bopp, L., Ethé, C., Ho, D., Duvel, J. P., Flavoni, S., Guez L., T. Kataoka, X. Perrot, L. Parc, and M. Watanabe (2023). Sensitivity of the global ocean carbon sink to the ocean skin in a climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans, 128, e2022JC019479. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019479">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019479</a></p> <p><em>Boucher, O., and coauthors, 2020: Presentation and evaluation of the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate model, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth System, 12, e2019MS002010, doi:</em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019MS002010"><em>10.1029/2019MS002010</em></a></p> <p><em>Watson A. J., U. Schuster, J. D. Shutler, T. Holding, I. G. C. Ashton, P. Landschützer, D. K. Woolf, and L. Goddijn-Murphy, 2020: Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO<sub>2</sub> flux are consistent with carbon inventory, Nature Comm., 11:4422, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3</em></p> <p><em>Woolf, D. K., P. E. Land, J. D. Shutler, L. M. Goddijn-Murphy, and C. J. Donlon, 2016: On the calculation of air-sea fluxes of CO2 in the presence of temperature and salinity gradients, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 1229-1248.</em></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Dataset for "State-dependence of the equilibrium climate sensitivity in a clear-sky GCM" by Matthew Henry et al. (2023).
<p>Dataset for "State-dependence of the equilibrium climate sensitivity in a clear-sky GCM" by Matthew Henry, Geoffrey K. Vallis, Nicholas J. Lutsko, Jacob T. Seeley, and Brett A. McKim.</p>
Code and Data to support "Atmospheric circulation-constrained model sensitivity recalibrates Arctic climate projections"
<p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/b2d03cf8-c9e1-4ffb-8120-eb08237612e6/sic.sep.5member.dat">sic.sep.5member.dat</a> contains direct binary data of spatial monthly averaged sea ice concentrations for 1979 January to 2020 December from the CESM2 wind-nudging runs.</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/b2d03cf8-c9e1-4ffb-8120-eb08237612e6/cism2.exp.smb.01.nc">cism2.exp.smb.01.nc</a> to <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/b2d03cf8-c9e1-4ffb-8120-eb08237612e6/cism2.exp.smb.01.nc">cism2.exp.smb.05.nc</a> contain netcdf files of annual averaged surface mass balance output from the CESM2-CISM2 wind-nudging runs between 1979 and 2020.</p> <p>topal&ding_code1.py - data preparation Python code</p> <p>topal&ding_code2.py - creating the main text and supplementary figures.</p>
Equilibrium climate sensitivity experiments using EC-Earth3-LR model — Surface Air Temperature data
<p>Three experiments was conducted using a EC-Earth model with the EC-Earth3-LR configuration (REF), which couples atmosphere, land, ocean and sea-ice components. First, we performed a pre-industrial (PI) control simulation (E280) using pre-industrial forcing, holding atmospheric constituents constant at 1850 levels (e.g., CO<sub>2</sub> concentration at 280 ppm). This simulation was initialized by a pre-run steady restart file (from a 500-year pre-industrial control simulation) and ran for 2000 years. We also conducted two sensitivity experiments (E400 and E560) by adjusting the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration to 400 ppm and 560 ppm, respectively, at the start year of the E280 experiment, and continued for over 3000 years (3069 years for E400, and 3013 years for E560). For our statistical analysis, we only considered the integration periods after the spin-up, using the last 2000-year outputs from the three simulations.</p> <p>The dataset contains Earth system model results from EC-Earth3 presented in the study by Cao et al. (2023).</p> <p>Cao, N., Zhang, Q., Wang, Z., Power, K.E., & Liu, C. (2023). The non-negligible impact of internal multi-centennial climate variability on estimating equilibrium climate change. Submitted to <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Model configuration</strong><br> Time periods: 2000-year time slice for all three experiments<br> ESM configuration: EC-Earth3-LR<br> Horizontal resolution: ~1.125° (~125 km)</p> <p><strong>Available data</strong><br> Annual mean data for Surface Air Temperature data.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.