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210 results for “climb”
Figure 2 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 2. Note written by the French palaeontologist R. Hoffstetter explaining the conditions and the locality from which the remains of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. MNHN CPN 9–1 were discovered in 1975.
Figure 7 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 7. Photographs of the vertebrae of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, atlas in anterior view (dorsal towards the top). B, dorsal vertebra in anterior view. C, D, body of a lumbar vertebra in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. aaf, anterior articular facet; af, atlantal foramen; an, anapophysis; aw, atlas wing; azf, anterior zygapophyseal facet; bo, body; dfb, dorsal foramen of the body; mp, metapophysis; ns, neural spine; rf; rib facet; riv, passage of the right intrarachidian vein; tp, transverse process; vc, vertebrarterial canal of the atlas; vf, vertebral foramen; vfb; ventral foramen of the body (passage of vertebral veins). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 6 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 6. Drawings and photographs of the right dentary of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. A, B, NRM-PZ M4287 (paratype) in right lateral and occlusal views, respectively. C–H, MNHN CPN 9–1 (referred specimen) in right lateral (C, D), medial (E, F), and occlusal (G, H) views, respectively. anp, angular process; condp, condyloid process; corp, coronoid process; emef, external mental foramina, hrm, horizontal ramus of the mandibula; ifmc, internal foramen of the mandibular canal; imef, internal mental foramina; m1a–m4a, alveoli of the four lower molariform teeth; peomc, posterior external opening of the mandibular canal; spo, spout. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 5 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 5. Drawings and photographs of the auditory regions of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, right auditory region in lateral view with major arteries and nerves (C). D, E, right auditory region in medial view. F, G, stereo photographs of left auditory region in lateroventral (ventral towards the top, anterior towards the right) and dorsomedial (ventral towards the top, anterior towards the left) views, respectively. acect, anterior crus of the ectotympanic; aqc, aqueductus cochleae; aqv, aqueductus vestibuli; caf, carotidian foramen; ent, entotympanic; feo, fenestra ovalis; fer, fenestra rotundum; fn, facial nerve; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; md, mastoid depression; mf, mastoid foramen; pcect, posterior crus of the ectotympanic; pmp, pars mastoidea of the periotic; pr, promontorium (cranial surface of the pars petrosa); sa(inf), inferior ramus of the stapedial artery; sa(post)?, possible posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; sf, stylomastoid foramen; sff, secondary facial foramen; shf, stylohyal fossa. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Figure 1 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history
Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Pleistocene Peruvian sites Casa del Diablo cave (near the town of Tirapata) and Piedra Escrita (Cupisnique Desert), from which the specimens of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. were discovered. Scale bar = 100 km.
Climbing dune
<p>Climbing dune in Mazartagh mountain range</p> <p>location: Earth, 38°40'47" N, 80°22'46" E</p> <p>direction of photography: East</p> <p>date: April 30, 2016</p>
Dataset 3 - Mathematical Modeling of Growth for Climbing Plants
<p>This dateset collects some models of climbing plants in the framework of the Task 3.4 of the Growbot project. In particular, it focuses on models describing the climbing plants' secondary growth, emphasizing such a behavior as an optimal way to allocate biomass and maximize climbing plants's reach.</p> <p>The models are described in the following preprints:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ol> <li><em>A 2D Model to describe the mechano-sensory behaviour of self-supporting shoots of climbing plants against gravity </em>(2023), G. Vecchiato; T. Hattermann; M. Palladino; P. Heuret; N. P. Rowe; P. Marcati, <strong>submitted preprint</strong></li> <li><em>Searcher-Shoot: a Reinforcement Learning approach to understand climbing plant behaviour</em> (2023), L. Nasti; G. Vecchiato; T. Hattermann; P. Heuret; N. P. Rowe; M. Palladino; P. Marcati, <strong>preprint</strong></li> <li><em>An optimal control approach to the problem of the longest self-supporting structure</em> (2023), G. Vecchiato; M. Palladino; P. Marcati, <strong>submitted preprint</strong></li> <li><em>Modeling intertwining of growing shoots</em> (2023), O. Giannopoulou; G. Vecchiato; M. Palladino; M. Thielen; T. Speck; P. Marcati, <strong>preprint</strong></li> </ol> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Climbing fiber multi-innervation of mouse Purkinje dendrites with arborization common to human
<p>Canonically, each Purkinje cell in the adult cerebellum receives only one climbing fiber from the inferior olive. Underlying current theories of cerebellar function is the notion that this highly conserved one-to-one relationship renders Purkinje dendrites into a single computational compartment. However, we show that multiple primary dendrites are a near-universal morphological feature in humans. Using tract-tracing, immunolabeling, and in vitro electrophysiology, we demonstrate in mice that ~25% of mature polydendritic cells receive more than one climbing fiber input. Two-photon calcium imaging in vivo reveals that separate dendrites can exhibit distinct response properties to sensory stimulation, indicating some polydendritic cells integrate functionally independent climbing fiber receptive fields. These findings reveal that Purkinje cells are morphologically and functionally more diverse than previously thought.</p>
Airflow dynamics and aeolian sand transport across a beach-climbing dune-clifftop dune system
<p>This study presents an analysis of wind flow and sediment transport from the beach, up a 50m high, long (130m), steep (mean slope 26°) climbing dune and across a 1.5 m high max, 85 m long and 17.5 m wide clifftop dune 30km south of Dakhla in Morocco, NW Africa during highly oblique incident wind conditions. Multiple 2D sonic and cup/vane anemometers and sand traps were utilised for measurements. Flow steering was significant on the upper climbing dune. Flow deceleration occurred near the dune toe, and topographic forcing of flow was considerable on the upper slopes of the climbing dune. Near-surface flow steadiness (CV<sub>U1</sub>, CV<sub>U0.25</sub>) on the climbing dune straight slope segment was low and constant The distance upslope over which the airflow reached the speed comparable to that on the beach increases as the incident wind speed increases. The greatest flow acceleration and speed-up was observed at the cliff edge reaching 250% at 1m height and 220% at 0.25m height for the lowest incident wind speed class (4-5 m/s). The sand transport rate declined from the beach to the climbing dune toe and lower slope, but at the uppermost section of the climbing dune was 4 times higher than at the beach for the 7-8m/s incident wind speed. Sand in aeolian transport was generally finer than surface sand with mean grain size increasing up the slope. A comparison of the sand transport data collected with sand transport models, and the effects of slope on aeolian transport are also examined.</p>
Early insight into social network structure predicts climbing the social ladder
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Data from: A cerebellar granule cell–climbing fiber computation to learn to track long time intervals
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Climbing fiber multi-innervation of mouse Purkinje dendrites with arborization common to human
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[DATASET 1] - BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED CLIMBING PLANTS
<p>In the framework of GrowBot project, Task 3.1 aims at selecting and investigating different climbing plants as models for GrowBot artefacts. The activities consist of biomechanical investigation and the analysis of plants’ functional strategies with respect to environmental complexity in terms of size, shape, density of supports, clutter and presence of voids.</p> <p>Task 3.3 aims at selecting and investigating different climbing plants’ attachment strategies for inspiring the design and development of artificial solutions.</p> <p>DS1 aims at collecting all the experimental data gathered during these activities.</p>
Microsatellite exploration in the climbing hydrangea (Hydrangea petiolaris Siebold & Zucc.) transcriptome: A resource for population genetics and functional genomics
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p><em>Hydrangea petiolaris</em> Siebold & Zucc., also known as climbing hydrangea, is a vine native to the woodlands of Korea, Japan, and Sakhalin Island. It is an economically important ornamental plant with fertile and sterile flowers. Despite the recent increase in <em>Hydrangea</em> breeding and interest in germplasm conservation, relatively little is known about the relationships between <em>Hydrangea</em> species.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>We employed Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing technology to generate a total of 39,945,480 reads, which were assembled into 137,715 contigs. A total of 109,092 filtered transcripts were used to identify microsatellites, and 54,587 microsatellite repeat motifs were revealed within 33,556 contigs. Among these, 4,510 transcripts harboring microsatellites had Gene Ontology annotations, and numerous microsatellite-containing transcripts exhibited associations with genes, including those encoding PPR proteins, aldehyde dehydrogenases, and bHLH transcription factors, related to the <em>restorer of fertility</em> (<em>Rf</em>) genes, which play a critical role in restoring fertility in plants with cytoplasmic male sterility. Validation of transcriptomic SSR markers demonstrated high levels of polymorphism, revealing significant genetic diversity within populations. However, null alleles and deviations from Hardy‒Weinberg equilibrium at specific loci suggested caution in genotyping accuracy. Population-level analysis disclosed high genetic differentiation and distinct clustering of populations.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>The <em>H</em>. <em>petiolaris</em> transcriptomic SSR markers offer valuable insight for gaining insights into the population genetics, evolutionary background, and practical strategies for conserving this species. Moreover, the microsatellite loci we have identified and their associations with annotated genes hold promise for creating functional markers specifically tailored for <em>H</em>. <em>petiolaris</em>. These markers include valuable resources of transcriptomic SSR markers suitable for population genetic investigations and have a reasonable degree of applicability across different taxa.</p>
Climbing flora of India
<p>This dataset provides a comprehensive list of climber species in India. Species' names have been revised to reflect APG IV classification.</p>
Fig 4.A in Study of haematology profile & histopathological changes in di-ammonium phosphate induced climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch.)
Fig 4.A: Photomicrograph of the normal liver of control fish, Anabas testudineus. H. & E., 100X
Data from: Seasonal changes in diet and toxicity in the Climbing Mantella frog (Mantella laevigata)
Poison frogs acquire chemical defenses from the environment for protection against potential predators. These defensive chemicals are lipophilic alkaloid toxins that are sequestered by poison frogs from dietary arthropods and stored in skin glands. Despite decades of research focusing on identifying poison frog toxins, we know relatively little about how environmental variation and subsequent arthropod availability impacts toxicity in poison frogs. We investigated how seasonal environmental variation influences poison frog toxin profiles through changes in the diet of the Climbing Mantella (Mantella laevigata). We collected M. laevigata females on the Nosy Mangabe island reserve in Madagascar during the wet and dry seasons and tested the hypothesis that seasonal differences in temperature and rainfall are associated with changes in the diet and skin toxin profiles of M. laevigata. The arthropod diet of each frog was characterized into five groups (i.e. ants, termites, mites, larvae and other) using visual identification and cytochrome oxidase 1 DNA barcoding. We found that frog diet differed between the wet and dry seasons, where frogs had a more diverse diet in the wet season and consumed a higher percentage of ants in the dry season. To determine if these differences in diet were associated with variation in frog defensive chemical composition, we used gas chromatography / mass spectrometry to quantify toxins from individual skin samples. Although the assortment of identified toxins was similar across seasons, we detected significant differences in the abundance of certain alkaloids, which we hypothesize reflects seasonal variation in the diet of M. laevigata. We suggest that tThese variations could originate from seasonal changes in either arthropod leaf litter composition or changes in frog behavioral patterns between wet and dry seasons. Although additional studies are needed to understand the consequences of long-term environmental shifts, this work suggests that toxin profiles are relatively robust against short-term environmental perturbations.
Data from: Distribution patterns of lianas from subtropical to subboreal zones of the Japanese archipelago and the difference between climbing types
<p><strong>README</strong></p> <p>This dataset was used for the statistical analyses in the article: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2023.08.001">Kusakabe et al. (2023) Basic Appl. Ecol.</a> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Sub_plot_data_v2.csv</strong></p> <p>Liana abundances, environmental factors, and site information for each subplot in 19 study sites in the Japanese archipelago. Subplots are 400 m<sup>2</sup>(20 m × 20 m) quadrats.</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>site_information</strong></p> <ul> <li><code>site_name</code> - Site_name.</li> <li><code>site_code</code> - Site_code.</li> <li><code>plot_code</code> - Subplot_code.</li> <li><code>longitude</code> - Longitude of each plot (°E).</li> <li><code>latitude</code> - Latitude of each plot (°N).</li> <li><code>altitude</code> - Altitude of each plot (m).</li> <li><code>forest_type</code> - Plots were classified into four types based on the composition of evergreen broadleaf, deciduous broadleaf, and evergreen coniferous trees. EC: evergreen coniferous forest, BC: mixed coniferous–broadleaf forest, BD: deciduous broadleaf forest, BE: evergreen broadleaf forest. The detailed definition of the forest type was described in Ishihara et al. (2011).</li> <li><code>forest_status</code> - Plots were also classified into three categories based on the age of the forests. old growth: ≥ 150 years old, old secondary: ≥ 100 years old, secondary: < 100 years old. The detailed definition of the forest status was described in Ishihara et al. (2011).</li> <li><code>x, y</code> - Coordinates of the point of origin of each subplot in the census plots (m).<br> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>liana_stem_density & liana_basal_area</strong><br> Sum of liana stems (400 m<sup>-2</sup>) and basal area (cm<sup>2</sup>・400m<sup>-2</sup>) in each subplot.</p> <ul> <li><code>whole</code> - All lianas.</li> <li><code>twining</code> - Twining climbers.</li> <li><code>root</code> - Root climbers.</li> <li><code>tendril</code> - Tendril climbers.</li> <li><code>hook</code> - Hook climbers.</li> <li><code>scrambling</code> - Scrambling climbers.<br> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>environmental_factors</strong><br> Environmental factors used in the analyses.</p> <ul> <li><code>MAT</code> - Mean annual temperature (°C).</li> <li><code>MAP</code> - Mean annual precipitation (mm).</li> <li><code>MSD</code> - Maximum snow depth (cm).</li> <li><code>SOCN</code> - Soil organic layer carbon:nitrogen ratio.</li> <li><code>SODM</code> - Soil organic matter dry mass (g・100 cm<sup>-2</sup>).</li> <li><code>TSD</code> - Tree stem density with a diameter of ≥ 5 cm at breast height (400 m<sup>-2</sup>).</li> <li><code>TBA</code> - Total basal area of trees with a diameter of ≥ 5 cm at breast height (cm<sup>2</sup>・400 m<sup>-2</sup>).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Values of latitude, longitude, altitude, SOCN, SODM, TSD, and TBA were derived from published articles (Ishihara et al. 2011, Niwa et al. 2016) and associated, updated datasets that are available on the website of the Biodiversity Center of Japan (<a href="https://www.biodic.go.jp/moni1000/findings/data/index.html">https://www.biodic.go.jp/moni1000/findings/data/index.html</a>). The definitions of forest type and status follow Ishihara et al. (2011). </p> <p>Values of MAT, MAP and MSD were derived from the Agro-Meteorological Grid Square Data, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (Ohno et al. 2016).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Ishihara, M. I., Suzuki, S. N., Nakamura, M., Enoki, T., Fujiwara, A., Hiura, T., … Yoshida, Y. (2011). Forest stand structure, composition, and dynamics in 34 sites over Japan. _Ecological Research_, 26(6), 1007–1008. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-011-0847-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-011-0847-y</a></p> <p>Niwa, S., Toyota, A., Kishimoto, T., Sasakawa, K., Abe, S., Chishima, T., … Yoshida, T. (2016). Monitoring of the ground-dwelling beetle community and forest floor environment in 22 temperate forests across Japan. _Ecological Research_, 31(5), 607–608. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-016-1379-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-016-1379-2</a></p> <p>Ohno, H., Sasaki, K., Ohara, G., & Nakazono, K. (2016). Development of grid square air temperature and precipitation data compiled from observed, forecasted, and climatic normal data. _Climate in Biosphere_, 16, <a href="https://doi.org/10.2480/cib.J-16-028">https://doi.org/10.2480/cib.J-16-028</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
MicroCT surface scans of mice humeri (climbing experiment)
<p>This data consists of 3D surface scans of 43 mice humeri (right anatomical side), which have been extracted from micro-computed tomography (microCT) files. The original analysis of these bones was conducted in an earlier study (Siegel & Jones [1975] American Journal of Physical Anthropology 42:141-144), focusing on the effects of climbing activity on bone dimensions. In the new study by Karakostis and Wallace (DOI after publication: 10.1002/ajpa.24700), the 3D surface scans were used to compare between habitual climbers (21) and controls (22) by applying the "Validated Entheses-based Reconstruction of Activity" (V.E.R.A.) method on four muscle attachment sites of the humerus (greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, supinator crest, and deltoid tuberosity). Significant entheseal differences were found between activity groups in both univariate and multivariate analyses, showing that our approach can be used to identify skeletal evidence of habitual climbing activities in mice.</p>
Airflow dynamics and aeolian sand transport across a beach-climbing dune-clifftop dune system
<p>This study presents an analysis of wind flow and sediment transport from the beach, up a 50m high, long (130m), steep (mean slope 26°) climbing dune and across a 1.5 m high max, 85 m long and 17.5 m wide clifftop dune 30km south of Dakhla in Morocco, NW Africa during highly oblique incident wind conditions. Multiple 2D sonic and cup/vane anemometers and sand traps were utilised for measurements. Flow steering was significant on the upper climbing dune. Flow deceleration occurred near the dune toe, and topographic forcing of flow was considerable on the upper slopes of the climbing dune. Near-surface flow steadiness (CV<sub>U1</sub>, CV<sub>U0.25</sub>) on the climbing dune straight slope segment was low and constant The distance upslope over which the airflow reached the speed comparable to that on the beach increases as the incident wind speed increases. The greatest flow acceleration and speed-up was observed at the cliff edge reaching 250% at 1m height and 220% at 0.25m height for the lowest incident wind speed class (4-5 m/s). The sand transport rate declined from the beach to the climbing dune toe and lower slope, but at the uppermost section of the climbing dune was 4 times higher than at the beach for the 7-8m/s incident wind speed. Sand in aeolian transport was generally finer than surface sand with mean grain size increasing up the slope. A comparison of the sand transport data collected with sand transport models, and the effects of slope on aeolian transport are also examined.</p>
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