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92 results for “cnidarian”
Adaptations to the deep-sea alongside presence of a mega-array of homeobox genes in the genome of the cnidarian Actinernus
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Supplementary data for: A Cnidarian affinity for Salterella and Volborthella: Implications for the evolution of shells
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Data from: Transcriptional remodeling upon light removal in a model cnidarian: losses and gains in gene expression
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Transcriptome assemblies associated with: A cnidarian phylogenomic tree fitted with hundreds of 18S leaves
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Transcriptome-wide comparisons and virulence gene polymorphisms of host-associated genotypes of the cnidarian parasite Ceratonova shasta in salmonids
<p><i>Ceratonova shasta</i> is an important myxozoan pathogen affecting the health of salmonid fishes in the Pacific Northwest of North America. <i>C. shasta</i> exists as a complex of host-specific genotypes, some with low to moderate virulence, and one that causes a profound, lethal infection in susceptible hosts. High throughput sequencing methods are powerful tools for discovering the genetic basis of these host/virulence differences, but deep sequencing of myxozoans has been challenging due to extremely fast molecular evolution of this group, yielding strongly divergent sequences that are difficult to identify, and unavoidable host contamination. We designed and optimized different bioinformatic pipelines to address these challenges. We obtained a unique set of comprehensive, host-free myxozoan RNA-seq data from <i>C. shasta </i>genotypes of varying virulence from different salmonid hosts. Analyses of transcriptome-wide genetic distances and maximum likelihood multigene phylogenies elucidated the evolutionary relationship between lineages and demonstrated the limited resolution of the established Internal Transcribed Spacer marker for <i>C. shasta</i> genotype identification, as this marker fails to differentiate between biologically distinct genotype II lineages from coho salmon and rainbow trout. We further analyzed the datasets based on polymorphisms in two gene groups related to virulence: cell migration and proteolytic enzymes including their inhibitors. The developed SNP-calling pipeline identified polymorphisms between genotypes and demonstrated that variations in both motility and protease genes were associated with different levels of virulence of <i>C. shasta</i> in its salmonid hosts. The prospective use of proteolytic enzymes as promising candidates for targeted interventions against myxozoans in aquaculture is discussed. We developed host-free transcriptomes of a myxozoan model organism from strains that exhibited different degrees of virulence, as a unique source of data that will foster functional gene analyses and serve as a base for the development of potential therapeutics for efficient control of these parasites.</p>
Data from: Developmental biology of the early Cambrian cnidarian Olivooides
Fossilized embryos afford direct insight into the pattern of development in extinct organisms, providing unique tests of hypotheses of developmental evolution based in comparative embryology. However, these fossils can only be effective in this role if their embryology and phylogenetic affinities are well constrained. We elucidate and interpret the development of Olivooides from embryonic and adult stages and use these data to discriminate among competing interpretations of their anatomy and affinity. The embryology of Olivooides is principally characterized by the development of an ornamented periderm that initially forms externally and is subsequently formed internally, released at the aperture, facilitating the direct development of the embryo into an adult theca. Internal anatomy is known only from embryonic stages, revealing two internal tissue layers, the innermost of which is developed into three transversally arranged walls that partly divide the lumen into an abapertural region, interpreted as the gut of a polyp, and an adapertural region that includes structures that resemble the peridermal teeth of coronate scyphozoans. The anatomy and pattern of development exhibited by Olivooides appears common to the other known genus of olivooid, Quadrapyrgites, which differs in its tetraradial, as opposed to pentaradial symmetry. We reject previous interpretations of the olivooids as cycloneuralians, principally on the grounds that they lack a through gut and introvert, in embryo and adult. Instead we consider the affinities of the olivooids among medusozoan cnidarians; our phylogenetic analysis supports their classification as total-group Coronata, within crown-Scyphozoa. Olivooides and Quadrapyrgites evidence a broader range of life history strategies and bodyplan symmetry than is otherwise commonly represented in extant Scyphozoa specifically, and Cnidaria more generally.
Data from: Are Niemann-Pick type C proteins key players in cnidarian-dinoflagellate endosymbioses?
The symbiotic interaction between cnidarians, such as corals and sea anemones, and the unicellular algae Symbiodinium is regulated by yet poorly understood cellular mechanisms, despite the ecological importance of coral reefs. These mechanisms, including host-symbiont recognition and metabolic exchange, control symbiosis stability under normal conditions, but also lead to symbiosis breakdown (bleaching) during stress. This study describes the repertoire of the sterol-trafficking proteins Niemann-Pick type C (NPC1 and NPC2) in the symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis. We found one NPC1 gene instead of two in vertebrates. While only one NPC2 gene is present in most metazoans, this gene has been duplicated in cnidarians and we detected four NPC2 genes in A. viridis. However, only one gene (AvNPC2-d) was upregulated in symbiotic sea anemones and displayed higher expression in the gastrodermis (symbiont-containing tissue) than in the epidermis. We performed immunolabeling experiments on tentacle cross sections and demonstrated that the AvNPC2-d protein was closely associated with symbiosomes. In addition, AvNPC1 and AvNPC2-d gene expression was strongly downregulated during stress, especially at the onset of symbiosis breakdown. These data suggest that AvNPC2-d is involved in both the stability and dysfunction of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses.
Data from: Minimal ProtoHox cluster inferred from bilaterian and cnidarian Hox complements
Bilaterian animals have a Hox gene cluster essential for patterning the main body axis, and a ParaHox gene cluster. Comparison of Hox and ParaHox genes has led workers to postulate that both clusters originated from the duplication of an ancient cluster named ProtoHox, which contained up to four genes with at least the precursors of anterior and posterior Hox/ParaHox genes. However, the way in which genes diversified within the ProtoHox, Hox and ParaHox clusters remains unclear because no systematic study of non-bilaterian animals exists. Here we characterize the full Hox/ParaHox gene complements and genomic organization in two cnidarian species (Nematostella vectensis and Hydra magnipapillata), and suggest a ProtoHox cluster simpler than originally thought on the basis of three arguments. First, both species possess bilaterian-like anterior Hox genes, but their non-anterior genes do not appear as counterparts of either bilaterian central or posterior genes; second, two clustered ParaHox genes, Gsx and a gene related to Xlox and Cdx, are found in Nematostella vectensis; and third, we do not find clear phylogenetic support for a common origin of bilaterian Cdx and posterior genes, which might therefore have appeared after the ProtoHox cluster duplication. Consequently, the ProtoHox cluster might have consisted of only two anterior genes. Non-anterior genes could have appeared independently in the Hox and ParaHox clusters, possibly after the separation of bilaterians and cnidarians.
Data from: Population genetic data of a model symbiotic cnidarian system reveal remarkable symbiotic specificity and vectored introductions across ocean basins
The Aiptasia-Symbiodinium symbiosis is a promising model for experimental studies of cnidarian-dinoflagellate associations, yet relatively little is known regarding the genetic diversity of either symbiotic partner. To address this we collected Aiptasia from 17 localities throughout the world and examined the genetic diversity of both anemones and their endosymbionts. Based on newly-developed SCAR markers, Aiptasia consisted of two genetically-distinct populations, one Aiptasia lineage from Florida and a second network of Aiptasia genotypes found at other localities. These populations did not conform to the distributions of described Aiptasia species, suggesting that taxonomic re-evaluation is needed in light of molecular genetics. Associations with Symbiodinium further demonstrated the distinctions among Aiptasia populations. According to 18S-RFLP, ITS2-DGGE, and microsatellite flanker region sequencing, Florida anemones engaged in diverse symbioses predominantly with members of Symbiodinium Clades A and B, but also C, whereas anemones from elsewhere harboured only S. minutum within Clade B. Symbiodinium minutum apparently does not form a stable symbiosis with other hosts, which implies a highly-specific symbiosis. Fine-scale differences among S. minutum populations were quantified using six microsatellite loci. Populations of S. minutum had low genotypic diversity and high clonality (R=0.14). Furthermore, minimal population structure was observed among regions and ocean basins, due to allele and genotype sharing. The lack of genetic structure and low genotypic diversity suggest recent vectoring of Aiptasia and S. minutum across localities. This first ever molecular-genetic study of a globally-distributed cnidarian and its Symbiodinium assemblages reveals host-symbiont specificity and widely-distributed populations in an important model system.
FIGURE 3. Pseudopontonides plumosus n in Pseudopontonides plumosus sp. nov., a new cnidarian-associated pontoniine shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Curaçao *
FIGURE 3. Pseudopontonides plumosus n. sp., female holotype RMNH D 51661: A, left antennula; B, left antenna; C, left mandible; D, left maxillula. Scale A–B = 0.6 mm; C–D = 0.15 mm.
FIGURE 4. Pseudopontonides plumosus n in Pseudopontonides plumosus sp. nov., a new cnidarian-associated pontoniine shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Curaçao *
FIGURE 4. Pseudopontonides plumosus n. sp., female holotype RMNH D 51661: A, left maxilla; B, left first maxilliped; C, left second maxilliped; D, left third maxilliped; E, left first pereiopod; F, idem, fingers of chela; G, left second pereiopod; H, idem, fingers of chela. Scale A–E, G = 0.6 mm; F, H = 0.15 mm.
FIGURE 2. Pseudopontonides plumosus n in Pseudopontonides plumosus sp. nov., a new cnidarian-associated pontoniine shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Curaçao *
FIGURE 2. Pseudopontonides plumosus n. sp., female holotype RMNH D 51661: A, distal part of carapace and anterior appendages, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view. Scale = 1 mm.
FIGURE 5. Pseudopontonides plumosus n in Pseudopontonides plumosus sp. nov., a new cnidarian-associated pontoniine shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Curaçao *
FIGURE 5. Pseudopontonides plumosus n. sp., female holotype RMNH D 51661: A, left third pereiopod; B, idem, dactylus and distal part propodus; C, left fourth pereiopod; D, idem, dactylus and distal part propodus. Scale A, C = 0.6 mm; B, D = 0.15 mm.
Figure 2 in Two new species of Siphonostomatoida (Copepoda) found on cnidarians in Tokara Islands, Southern Japan
Figure 2. Cholomyzon multisetum sp. nov., adult female, NSMT-Cr 25851. (a) right maxilla, posterior; (b) right maxilliped, anterior; (c) right leg 1, anterior; (d) right leg 2, anterior; (e) right leg 3, anterior; (f) left leg 5, ventral. Scale bars: (a, b) 50 μm; (c–e) 30 μm; (f) 10 μm.
Figure 4 in Two new species of Siphonostomatoida (Copepoda) found on cnidarians in Tokara Islands, Southern Japan
Figure 4. Entomopsyllus takara sp. nov., adult male, NSMT-Cr 25853. (a) right antenna, anterior; (b) right mandible, posterior; (c) oral cone; (d) left maxillule, posterior; (e) right maxilla, posterior; (f) left maxilliped, anterior; (g) right leg 1, anterior. Scale bars: (c) 80 μm; (b) 50 μm; (a, d) 40 μm; (e–g) 50 μm.
Figure 3 in Two new species of Siphonostomatoida (Copepoda) found on cnidarians in Tokara Islands, Southern Japan
Figure 3. Entomopsyllus takara sp. nov., adult male, NSMT-Cr 25853. (a) habitus, dorsal; (b) urosome, ventral; (c) left leg 6; (d) right caudal ramus, dorsal; (e) right antennule, posterior. Scale bars: (a) 200 μm; (b) 80 μm; (c, e) 20 μm; (d) 50 μm.
Figure 1 in Two new species of Siphonostomatoida (Copepoda) found on cnidarians in Tokara Islands, Southern Japan
Figure 1. Cholomyzon multisetum sp. nov., adult female, NSMT-Cr 25851. (a) habitus, dorsal; (b) abdomen and caudal rami, dorsal; (c) right genital opening, dorsal; (d) right antennule, posterior; (e) left antenna, anterior; (f) right mandible, anterior; (g) distal teeth of left mandible; (h) right maxillule, posterior. Scale bars: (a) 200 μm; (b, d, e, f, h) 50 μm; (c) 30 μm; (g) 10 μm.
Figure 5 in Two new species of Siphonostomatoida (Copepoda) found on cnidarians in Tokara Islands, Southern Japan
Figure 5. Entomopsyllus takara sp. nov., adult male, NSMT-Cr 25853. (a) right leg 2, anterior; (b) intercoxal sclerite of leg 2; (c) right leg 3, anterior; (d) intercoxal sclerite of leg 3; (e) right leg 4, anterior; (f) intercoxal sclerite of leg 4; (g) right leg 5, dorsal. Scale bars: (a–f) 50 μm; (g) 40 mm.
Parasitic cnidarians (Myxozoa) do not retain key oxygen-sensing and homeostasis tool-kit genes: Transcriptome assemblies
<p>For aerobic organisms, both the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) pathway and the mitochondrial genomes are key players in regulating oxygen homeostasis. However, recent work has suggested that these mechanisms are not as highly conserved as previously thought, prompting more thorough surveys across animal higher taxonomic levels, which would in turn permit testing of hypotheses about the ecological conditions that may have facilitated evolutionary loss of such genes. The phylum Cnidaria is known to harbor wide variation in mitochondrial genome morphology, from typical single circular chromosomes to fragmented linear chromosomes. More recently, members of the cnidarian clade Myxozoa, comprising obligate endoparasites, were shown to have lost their mitochondrial genome, suggesting that variation in environmental oxygen availability may be a key determinant in the evolution of metabolic gene networks. Here, we surveyed genomes and transcriptomes across 42 cnidarian species for the presence of HIF pathway members (HIFa, EGLN, VHL), as well as for an assortment of hypoxia, mitochondrial, and stress-response toolkit genes. We find that presence of the HIF pathway, as well as number of genes associated with mitochondria, hypoxia, and stress response, do not vary based on mitochondrial genome morphology. More interestingly, we uncover evidence that myxozoans have lost the canonical HIF pathway repression machinery, potentially altering HIF pathway functionality to work under the specific conditions of their parasitic lifestyles. In addition, relative to other cnidarians, myxozoans show loss of large proportions of genes associated with the mitochondrion (~39%), and involved in response to hypoxia (~27.5%) and general stress (~32%). Our results provide additional evidence that the HIF regulatory machinery is evolutionarily labile and that variations in the canonical system have evolved in many animal groups.</p>
Genetic structure in a cnidarian symbiont is correlated with geographic location, environment, and host species
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