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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Imaging data of mechanically loaded, micro-patterned, silk-reinforced cellulose films with gold coating for flexible electrodes in medical implants

Neurodegenerative diseases can be treated using a functional interface between the physically soft tissue such as brain and the man-made electrodes. The orders of magnitude harder neural probes cause local injuries, due to periodic micromovements owing to breathing and pulsatile blood flow leading to encapsulation and related collapsing signals. An alternative to the currently used neural implant films including polyimide, poly(p-xylylene), SU-8 - epoxy-based negative photoresist, liquid crystal polymer, and benzocyclobutene is the natural polymer cellulose with an elastic modulus between 100 and 200 MPa. This article elucidates the measurement of the mechanical properties of bare as well as mono- and double-layer silk-reinforced cellulose in phosphate-buffered saline using a universal testing machine. In addition, the article contains electron microscopy data of these micro-structured, gold-coated films subsequent to peel-off tests to access the impact of micro-structures on gold adhesion on cellulose. These imaging data were completed by electron micrographs of mechanically loaded gold-coated cellulose films to demonstrate the impact of micro-structures on crack formation. Finally, the phosphate-buffered saline-induced swelling of the micro-structure was visualized by electron micrographs obtained before and after two-month storage in air and phosphate-buffered saline, respectively.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Free-standing electrochemically coated MoSx based 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode for solid-state supercapacitor application

Raw data of journal article "Free-standing electrochemically coated MoSx based 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode for solid-state supercapacitor application" DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06479c

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of seeds of ericalean affinity (a–d) and seeds of uncertain affinity (e–i) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Protovisnea sp. 1, rounded seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3177; b: Protovisnea sp. 2, angular seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3179; c, d: Eurya crassitesta, one seed split into two parts, no. NM-F 3211, c – surface cells of the seed coat are palisade, d – cross-section of the seed; e: Nympheaceae sp. 1, seed, no. NM-F 3636; f: Nympheaceae sp. 2, seed, no. NM-F 4634; g: Klikovispermum sp.1, seeds with irregular outline and smooth outer surface, no. NM-F 3203; h: Klikovispermum malechii, seed with an orange-segment shape, no. NM-F 3299; i: Taxon 35, seed, no. NM-F 3236. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of seeds of ericalean affinity (a–d) and seeds of uncertain affinity (e–i) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Protovisnea sp. 1, rounded seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3177; b: Protovisnea sp. 2, angular seed with the narrow elongate seed cavity flanked by two bulging regions of larger cells, no. NM-F 3179; c, d: Eurya crassitesta, one seed split into two parts, no. NM-F 3211, c – surface cells of the seed coat are palisade, d – cross-section of the seed; e: Nympheaceae sp. 1, seed, no. NM-F 3636; f: Nympheaceae sp. 2, seed, no. NM-F 4634; g: Klikovispermum sp.1, seeds with irregular outline and smooth outer surface, no. NM-F 3203; h: Klikovispermum malechii, seed with an orange-segment shape, no. NM-F 3299; i: Taxon 35, seed, no. NM-F 3236.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (a, c, e–k) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (b, d) of capsular fruits compose of five carpels from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–d: Taxon 4, a – fruit elliptical in shape, no. NM-F 3188, b – young fruit with reminisce of free styles at top and showing central placentation of seeds, no. NM-F 3188, c – pentacarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3188, d – fruit with five locules, no. NM-F 3235; e, f: Taxon 6, e – elongated fruit in lateral view, the persistent perianth at the base of the fruit (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3194, f – fruit in apical view, no. NM-F 3194; g, h: Taxon 5, g – elongated fruit in lateral view, no. NM-F 3193, h – fruit showing remains of a persistent calyx in the basal part (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3193; i–k: Taxon 7, i – pentacarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4091, j – fruit, apical view, no. NM-F 4091, k – fruit with five seeds (arrowheads) ellipsoidal or triangular in outline and with a thick seed coat, no. NM-F 4091. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic

Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (a, c, e–k) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (b, d) of capsular fruits compose of five carpels from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–d: Taxon 4, a – fruit elliptical in shape, no. NM-F 3188, b – young fruit with reminisce of free styles at top and showing central placentation of seeds, no. NM-F 3188, c – pentacarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3188, d – fruit with five locules, no. NM-F 3235; e, f: Taxon 6, e – elongated fruit in lateral view, the persistent perianth at the base of the fruit (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3194, f – fruit in apical view, no. NM-F 3194; g, h: Taxon 5, g – elongated fruit in lateral view, no. NM-F 3193, h – fruit showing remains of a persistent calyx in the basal part (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3193; i–k: Taxon 7, i – pentacarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4091, j – fruit, apical view, no. NM-F 4091, k – fruit with five seeds (arrowheads) ellipsoidal or triangular in outline and with a thick seed coat, no. NM-F 4091.

Text-fig. 7. Cornacaeae (a–j), Icacinaceae (k–o). a–e: Mastixia. USNM PAL 772364. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of eroded endocarp – the opposite side being missing and the endocarp broken near its mid point, reflected light, palladium coated. b–e: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. b: Rotated 90° from the view in (a). c: Rotated 90° from the view in (b). d: Rotated 90° from (c), exhibiting the damaged "back" face of the endocarp. e: Axillary view of the endocarp; the opposite end missing as apparent in (d). f–j: Cf. Nyssa. DMNH EPI.47808. Scale bar = 1 cm. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. f: Intact face of the endocarp; note ridges and "apical" point. g: Eroded (?gnawed; note horizontal grooving) opposite face of the endocarp. h: Lateral view of the endocarp, eroded/gnawed face to left. i: Apical view, eroded/gnawn portion below. j: Basal view of endocarp. k–o: Iodes DMNH-EPI.47807. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. Scale bar = 1 cm. k: Face view of endocarp. l: Opposite face of endocarp. m: Lateral view demonstrating the compressed nature of the endocarp, note thickened suture marking the probable track of the primary bundle. n: Apical view, primary bundle trace to right. o: Basal view, primary bundle trace to right. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 7. Cornacaeae (a–j), Icacinaceae (k–o). a–e: Mastixia. USNM PAL 772364. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of eroded endocarp – the opposite side being missing and the endocarp broken near its mid point, reflected light, palladium coated. b–e: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. b: Rotated 90° from the view in (a). c: Rotated 90° from the view in (b). d: Rotated 90° from (c), exhibiting the damaged "back" face of the endocarp. e: Axillary view of the endocarp; the opposite end missing as apparent in (d). f–j: Cf. Nyssa. DMNH EPI.47808. Scale bar = 1 cm. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. f: Intact face of the endocarp; note ridges and "apical" point. g: Eroded (?gnawed; note horizontal grooving) opposite face of the endocarp. h: Lateral view of the endocarp, eroded/gnawed face to left. i: Apical view, eroded/gnawn portion below. j: Basal view of endocarp. k–o: Iodes DMNH-EPI.47807. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. Scale bar = 1 cm. k: Face view of endocarp. l: Opposite face of endocarp. m: Lateral view demonstrating the compressed nature of the endocarp, note thickened suture marking the probable track of the primary bundle. n: Apical view, primary bundle trace to right. o: Basal view, primary bundle trace to right.

Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r: in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r:

Text-fig. 10. Carpolithes (a–j). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 10. USNM PAL 772375. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of one face of structure; note adherent mineral material. Longitudinal groove is to right. b: Lateral view of one edge of the structure. c: Opposite view from (b), note groove in upper half of the specimen, facing viewer. d: Apical view. e–j: Carpolithes sp. 11. USNM PAL 772376. Scale bar = 5 mm, micro-CT scan surface views. e: Structure in face view showing central protuberance. f: Same, lateral view. g: Opposite face from (e). h: Opposite face from (f). i: View from one end. j: View from opposite end from (i). in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 10. Carpolithes (a–j). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 10. USNM PAL 772375. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of one face of structure; note adherent mineral material. Longitudinal groove is to right. b: Lateral view of one edge of the structure. c: Opposite view from (b), note groove in upper half of the specimen, facing viewer. d: Apical view. e–j: Carpolithes sp. 11. USNM PAL 772376. Scale bar = 5 mm, micro-CT scan surface views. e: Structure in face view showing central protuberance. f: Same, lateral view. g: Opposite face from (e). h: Opposite face from (f). i: View from one end. j: View from opposite end from (i).

Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows). in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows).

Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings.

Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere.

Text-fig. 4. Juglandaceae Carya (a–w). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–d: USNM PAL 772352, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Obliquelateral view of nut, apex up. b: Basal view with damage to left and clear depiction of meridional grooves. c, d: Two lateral views oriented about 130° from each other and avoiding the area of damage; the meridional grooves clear in (c). e–l: USNM PAL 772350. e: Intact nut, lateral view, apex up, reflected light. f: One half of split nut revealing in situ chalcedony locule cast, reflected light. g–k: Virtual sections from micro-CT data. g: Longitudinal section parallel to the exposed face in (f). h: Longitudinal section at 90° from (g). i: Transverse section in apical 1/3 showing locule bracketed by C-shaped lacunae (arrows). j: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of the locule separated by primary septum, lacuna evident below as white line. k: Transverse section near base in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 4. Juglandaceae Carya (a–w). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–d: USNM PAL 772352, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Obliquelateral view of nut, apex up. b: Basal view with damage to left and clear depiction of meridional grooves. c, d: Two lateral views oriented about 130° from each other and avoiding the area of damage; the meridional grooves clear in (c). e–l: USNM PAL 772350. e: Intact nut, lateral view, apex up, reflected light. f: One half of split nut revealing in situ chalcedony locule cast, reflected light. g–k: Virtual sections from micro-CT data. g: Longitudinal section parallel to the exposed face in (f). h: Longitudinal section at 90° from (g). i: Transverse section in apical 1/3 showing locule bracketed by C-shaped lacunae (arrows). j: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of the locule separated by primary septum, lacuna evident below as white line. k: Transverse section near base

РИС. 1. ОбЩий вид фиксированных Этанолом глохидиев в световой (А) и сканируюЩий Электронный (В) микроскопы (Amuranodonta kijaensis, бассейн р. Амур, Хинганский Заповедник, АмурскаЯ обл.). МасШтаб 100 мкм. Микроскопы Nikon (А) и Zeiss EVO 40 (B), напыление Золотом FIG. 1. Ethanol-fixed glochidia (Amuranodonta kijaensis, Amur River basin, Khingansky Nature Reserve, Amur Oblast), light (A) and scanning electron (B) microscopes. Scale bar 100 mµ. Light Nikon (A) and scanning electron Zeiss EVO 40 (B) microscopes, sputter coating with gold. in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 1. ОбЩий вид фиксированных Этанолом глохидиев в световой (А) и сканируюЩий Электронный (В) микроскопы (Amuranodonta kijaensis, бассейн р. Амур, Хинганский Заповедник, АмурскаЯ обл.). МасШтаб 100 мкм. Микроскопы Nikon (А) и Zeiss EVO 40 (B), напыление Золотом FIG. 1. Ethanol-fixed glochidia (Amuranodonta kijaensis, Amur River basin, Khingansky Nature Reserve, Amur Oblast), light (A) and scanning electron (B) microscopes. Scale bar 100 mµ. Light Nikon (A) and scanning electron Zeiss EVO 40 (B) microscopes, sputter coating with gold.

РИС. 11. ИЗображениЯ крючков глохидиев при раЗной настройке Яркости и контрастности (Anemina arcaeformis, р. Сита, Хабаровский кр.). А. Оптимальные Яркость и контрастность. В. ИЗбыточнаЯ контрастность. С. ИЗбыточнаЯ Яркость. МасШтаб 20 мкм. Микроскоп Zeiss EVO 40, напыление углеродом. FIG. 11. Imagines of glochidia hooks with different brightness and contrast value (Anemina arcaeformis, Sita River, Khabarovsk Krai). A. Optimal brightness and contrast. B. Excessive contrast. C. Excessive brightness. Scale bars 20 μm. Zeiss EVO 40 microscope, sputter coating with carbon. in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 11. ИЗображениЯ крючков глохидиев при раЗной настройке Яркости и контрастности (Anemina arcaeformis, р. Сита, Хабаровский кр.). А. Оптимальные Яркость и контрастность. В. ИЗбыточнаЯ контрастность. С. ИЗбыточнаЯ Яркость. МасШтаб 20 мкм. Микроскоп Zeiss EVO 40, напыление углеродом. FIG. 11. Imagines of glochidia hooks with different brightness and contrast value (Anemina arcaeformis, Sita River, Khabarovsk Krai). A. Optimal brightness and contrast. B. Excessive contrast. C. Excessive brightness. Scale bars 20 μm. Zeiss EVO 40 microscope, sputter coating with carbon.

РИС. 7. НедостаточнаЯ промывка раковин глохидиев после очиЩениЯ в Щелочи (5% КОН). А, С. «Замыленность» пор наружной поверхности створок (Cristaria tuberculata, оЗ. Ханка, Приморский кр.). B. Остаток Щелочи, выпавШий кристаллами на поверхности личинки (Unio dembeae, р. Дуко, ЭфиопиЯ). D. Капли раствора Щелочи (укаЗаны стрелками) на поверхности Шипов крючка (Nodularia douglasiae, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). МасШтаб 5 мкм (А, С), 2 мкм (B, D). Микроскоп Zeiss MERLIN, напыление углеродом (А, В), хромом (С, D). FIG. 7. Insufficient rinsing of glochidia after cleaning in alkali (5% KOH). A, C. «Blurredness» of the exterior valve pores (Cristaria tuberculata, Khanka Lake, Primorsky Krai). B. Precipitation of alkali crystals on the exterior glochidia surface (Unio dembeae, Duko River, Ethiopia). D. Drops of alkali (indicated by arrows) on the hook spines (Nodularia douglasiae, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). Scale bars 5 μm (A, C), 2 μm (B, D). Zeiss MERLIN microscope, sputter coating with carbon (A, B) and chromium (C, D). in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 7. НедостаточнаЯ промывка раковин глохидиев после очиЩениЯ в Щелочи (5% КОН). А, С. «Замыленность» пор наружной поверхности створок (Cristaria tuberculata, оЗ. Ханка, Приморский кр.). B. Остаток Щелочи, выпавШий кристаллами на поверхности личинки (Unio dembeae, р. Дуко, ЭфиопиЯ). D. Капли раствора Щелочи (укаЗаны стрелками) на поверхности Шипов крючка (Nodularia douglasiae, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). МасШтаб 5 мкм (А, С), 2 мкм (B, D). Микроскоп Zeiss MERLIN, напыление углеродом (А, В), хромом (С, D). FIG. 7. Insufficient rinsing of glochidia after cleaning in alkali (5% KOH). A, C. «Blurredness» of the exterior valve pores (Cristaria tuberculata, Khanka Lake, Primorsky Krai). B. Precipitation of alkali crystals on the exterior glochidia surface (Unio dembeae, Duko River, Ethiopia). D. Drops of alkali (indicated by arrows) on the hook spines (Nodularia douglasiae, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). Scale bars 5 μm (A, C), 2 μm (B, D). Zeiss MERLIN microscope, sputter coating with carbon (A, B) and chromium (C, D).

РИС. 9. ВнеШний вид раковин глохидиев (Sinanodonta woodiana, р. Одра, ПольШа), очиЩенных с помоЩью Щелочи (5% KOH). A. Темные пЯтна на поверхности, свидетельствуюЩие о недостаточной промывке после Щелочи. B. ХороШо очиЩеннаЯ и правильно промытаЯ раковина. МасШтаб 50 мкм. Микроскоп Zeiss EVO 40, напыление Золотом. FIG. 9. Glochidia shells (Sinanodonta woodiana, Odra River, Poland) cleaned in alkali (5% KOH). A. Dark spots on the shell surface, indicating insufficient rinsing after alkali. B. Properly cleaned and rinsed shell. Scale bars 50 μm. Zeiss EVO 40 microscope, sputter coating with gold. in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 9. ВнеШний вид раковин глохидиев (Sinanodonta woodiana, р. Одра, ПольШа), очиЩенных с помоЩью Щелочи (5% KOH). A. Темные пЯтна на поверхности, свидетельствуюЩие о недостаточной промывке после Щелочи. B. ХороШо очиЩеннаЯ и правильно промытаЯ раковина. МасШтаб 50 мкм. Микроскоп Zeiss EVO 40, напыление Золотом. FIG. 9. Glochidia shells (Sinanodonta woodiana, Odra River, Poland) cleaned in alkali (5% KOH). A. Dark spots on the shell surface, indicating insufficient rinsing after alkali. B. Properly cleaned and rinsed shell. Scale bars 50 μm. Zeiss EVO 40 microscope, sputter coating with gold.

РИС. 10. НаружнаЯ микроскульптура раковин глохидиев при напылении раЗными материалами. А. Углеродом (Kunashiria haconensis, оЗ. Песчаное, о-в КунаШир, Курильские о-ва). В. Хромом (Kunashiria haconensis, оЗ. Песчаное, о-в КунаШир, Курильские о-ва). C. Хромом (Anodonta cygnea, оЗ. Хамржицкое, ПольШа). D. Золотом (Anodonta cygnea, оЗ. Хамржицкое, ПольШа). МасШтабнаЯ линейка 2 мкм. Микроскопы Zeiss EVO 40 (А, С), Zeiss MERLIN (В, D). FIG. 10. External glochidia microsculpture with different material coating. A. Carbon coated (Kunashiria haconensis, Peschanoe Lake, Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands). B. Chromium coated (Kunashiria haconensis, Peschanoe Lake, Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands). C. Chromium coated (Anodonta cygnea, Khamrzhitskoe Lake, Poland). D. Gold coated (Anodonta cygnea, Khamrzhitskoe Lake, Poland). Scale bars 2 μm. Zeiss EVO 40 (A, C) and Zeiss MERLIN (B, D) microscopes. in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 10. НаружнаЯ микроскульптура раковин глохидиев при напылении раЗными материалами. А. Углеродом (Kunashiria haconensis, оЗ. Песчаное, о-в КунаШир, Курильские о-ва). В. Хромом (Kunashiria haconensis, оЗ. Песчаное, о-в КунаШир, Курильские о-ва). C. Хромом (Anodonta cygnea, оЗ. Хамржицкое, ПольШа). D. Золотом (Anodonta cygnea, оЗ. Хамржицкое, ПольШа). МасШтабнаЯ линейка 2 мкм. Микроскопы Zeiss EVO 40 (А, С), Zeiss MERLIN (В, D). FIG. 10. External glochidia microsculpture with different material coating. A. Carbon coated (Kunashiria haconensis, Peschanoe Lake, Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands). B. Chromium coated (Kunashiria haconensis, Peschanoe Lake, Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands). C. Chromium coated (Anodonta cygnea, Khamrzhitskoe Lake, Poland). D. Gold coated (Anodonta cygnea, Khamrzhitskoe Lake, Poland). Scale bars 2 μm. Zeiss EVO 40 (A, C) and Zeiss MERLIN (B, D) microscopes.

РИС. 4. НаружнаЯ микроскульптура глохидиев при раЗных условиЯх очистки раковин (Inversiunio yanagawensis, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ) в растворе Щелочи. А. НеповрежденнаЯ микроскульптура. B. ПоврежденнаЯ при передержке в растворе Щелочи. МасШтаб 2 мкм. Микроскопы Zeiss MERLIN (А), Zeiss EVO 40 (В), напыление хромом (А), Золотом (В). FIG. 4. Exterior valve microsculpture under different conditions of cleaning in alkali (Inversiunio yanagawensis, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). A. Undamaged microsculpture. B. Damaged microsculpture by excessive treatment in alkali. Scale bars 2 μm. Zeiss MERLIN (A) and Zeiss EVO 40 (B) microscopes, sputter coating with chromium (A) and gold (B). in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 4. НаружнаЯ микроскульптура глохидиев при раЗных условиЯх очистки раковин (Inversiunio yanagawensis, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ) в растворе Щелочи. А. НеповрежденнаЯ микроскульптура. B. ПоврежденнаЯ при передержке в растворе Щелочи. МасШтаб 2 мкм. Микроскопы Zeiss MERLIN (А), Zeiss EVO 40 (В), напыление хромом (А), Золотом (В). FIG. 4. Exterior valve microsculpture under different conditions of cleaning in alkali (Inversiunio yanagawensis, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). A. Undamaged microsculpture. B. Damaged microsculpture by excessive treatment in alkali. Scale bars 2 μm. Zeiss MERLIN (A) and Zeiss EVO 40 (B) microscopes, sputter coating with chromium (A) and gold (B).

РИС. 8. Примеры проблем с иЗображением при работе на СЭМ. А, В. Засветка раЗличных частей раковин глохидиев (А. Anodonta anatina (=Colletopterum), оЗ. Красное, ХакасиЯ. В. Inversiunio reinianus, оЗ. Бива, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). C. РаЗнаЯ скорость сканированиЯ (слева – очень быстраЯ, справа – медленнаЯ) наружной поверхности глохидиЯ (Anodonta cygnea, р. Ялма, МосковскаЯ обл.). D. Артефакты в виде гориЗонтальных полос вследствие накоплениЯ отрицательного ЗарЯда при недостаточном напылении внутренней поверхности глохидиЯ (Nodularia douglasiae, ПетровскаЯ протока, бассейн р. Амур, Хабаровский кр.). МасШтаб 50 мкм (А, В), 2 мкм (С), 5 мкм (D). Микроскопы Zeiss EVO 40 (А, С, D), Zeiss MERLIN (В), напыление углеродом (А, С), хромом (В, D). FIG. 8. Illustration of different problems with SEM images. A, B. Overall illumination of some glochidia shells parts (A. Anodonta anatina (= Colletopterum), Krasnoe Lake, Khakassia. B. Inversiunio reinianus, Biwa Lake, Honshu Island, Japan). C. Different scanning speed (faster on the left and slower on the right) of the exterior glochidia valve (Anodonta cygnea, Yalma River, Moscow Oblast). D. Artifacts as horizontal stripes because of additional accumulation of a negative charge due to insufficient coating of the interior glochidia valve (Nodularia douglasiae, Petrovskaya channel, Amur River basin, Khabarovsk Krai). Scale bars 50 μm (A, B), 2 μm (C), 5 μm (D). Zeiss EVO 40 (A, C, D) and Zeiss MERLIN (B) microscopes, sputter coating with carbon (A, C) and chromium (B, D). in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 8. Примеры проблем с иЗображением при работе на СЭМ. А, В. Засветка раЗличных частей раковин глохидиев (А. Anodonta anatina (=Colletopterum), оЗ. Красное, ХакасиЯ. В. Inversiunio reinianus, оЗ. Бива, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). C. РаЗнаЯ скорость сканированиЯ (слева – очень быстраЯ, справа – медленнаЯ) наружной поверхности глохидиЯ (Anodonta cygnea, р. Ялма, МосковскаЯ обл.). D. Артефакты в виде гориЗонтальных полос вследствие накоплениЯ отрицательного ЗарЯда при недостаточном напылении внутренней поверхности глохидиЯ (Nodularia douglasiae, ПетровскаЯ протока, бассейн р. Амур, Хабаровский кр.). МасШтаб 50 мкм (А, В), 2 мкм (С), 5 мкм (D). Микроскопы Zeiss EVO 40 (А, С, D), Zeiss MERLIN (В), напыление углеродом (А, С), хромом (В, D). FIG. 8. Illustration of different problems with SEM images. A, B. Overall illumination of some glochidia shells parts (A. Anodonta anatina (= Colletopterum), Krasnoe Lake, Khakassia. B. Inversiunio reinianus, Biwa Lake, Honshu Island, Japan). C. Different scanning speed (faster on the left and slower on the right) of the exterior glochidia valve (Anodonta cygnea, Yalma River, Moscow Oblast). D. Artifacts as horizontal stripes because of additional accumulation of a negative charge due to insufficient coating of the interior glochidia valve (Nodularia douglasiae, Petrovskaya channel, Amur River basin, Khabarovsk Krai). Scale bars 50 μm (A, B), 2 μm (C), 5 μm (D). Zeiss EVO 40 (A, C, D) and Zeiss MERLIN (B) microscopes, sputter coating with carbon (A, C) and chromium (B, D).

РИС. 5. ЗагрЯЗнение готовых обраЗцов длЯ СЭМ при длительном хранении в негерметичных условиЯх (A–C) либо при хранении проШедШих процедуру мацерированиЯ беЗ последуюЩего обеЗЗараживаниЯ (D, E). A–С. Бактерии на поверхности глохидиев (Nodularia douglasiae, р. ИлистаЯ, бассейн оЗ. Ханка, Приморский кр.). А. ВнеШний вид глохидиЯ, основное ЗагрЯЗнение на створке в верхней части фото. В. Крючок глохидиЯ, основное ЗагрЯЗнение в левой части фото. С. Створка, вид иЗнутри. D. Единичные бактерии на створке глохидиЯ, вид иЗнутри (Kunashiria japonica, оЗ. Утиное, о-в Зелёный, Курильские о-ва). E. Гифы гриба на створке глохидиЯ, вид на наружную пору (Beringiana beringiana, оЗ. АЗабачье, Камчатка). МасШтаб 50 мкм (А, C), 10 мкм (В, D), 1 мкм (Е). Микроскопы Zeiss MERLIN (А, B, C, E), Zeiss EVO 40 (D), напыление хромом (А–С), Золотом (D), углеродом (Е). FIG. 5. Contamination of the SEM ready-made samples during long-term storage under unsealed conditions (A–C) or during storage the samples that have passed the maceration procedure without subsequent disinfection (D, E). A–C. Bacteria on the glochidia surface (Nodularia douglasiae, Ilistaya River, Khanka Lake basin, Primorsky Krai). A. Glochidium with the main pollution on the valve in the upper part of the photo. B. Hook with the main pollution on the left side of the photo. C. Interior valve. D. Bacteria on the interior valve (Kunashiria japonica, Utinoe Lake, Zeliony Island, Kuril Islands). E. Fungal hyphae on the pore of exterior valve (Beringiana beringiana, Azabachye Lake, Kamchatka). Scale bars 50 μm (A, C), 10 μm (B, D), 1 μm (E). Zeiss MERLIN (A, B, C, E) and Zeiss EVO 40 (D) microscopes, sputter coating with chromium (A–C), gold (D), and carbon (E). in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 5. ЗагрЯЗнение готовых обраЗцов длЯ СЭМ при длительном хранении в негерметичных условиЯх (A–C) либо при хранении проШедШих процедуру мацерированиЯ беЗ последуюЩего обеЗЗараживаниЯ (D, E). A–С. Бактерии на поверхности глохидиев (Nodularia douglasiae, р. ИлистаЯ, бассейн оЗ. Ханка, Приморский кр.). А. ВнеШний вид глохидиЯ, основное ЗагрЯЗнение на створке в верхней части фото. В. Крючок глохидиЯ, основное ЗагрЯЗнение в левой части фото. С. Створка, вид иЗнутри. D. Единичные бактерии на створке глохидиЯ, вид иЗнутри (Kunashiria japonica, оЗ. Утиное, о-в Зелёный, Курильские о-ва). E. Гифы гриба на створке глохидиЯ, вид на наружную пору (Beringiana beringiana, оЗ. АЗабачье, Камчатка). МасШтаб 50 мкм (А, C), 10 мкм (В, D), 1 мкм (Е). Микроскопы Zeiss MERLIN (А, B, C, E), Zeiss EVO 40 (D), напыление хромом (А–С), Золотом (D), углеродом (Е). FIG. 5. Contamination of the SEM ready-made samples during long-term storage under unsealed conditions (A–C) or during storage the samples that have passed the maceration procedure without subsequent disinfection (D, E). A–C. Bacteria on the glochidia surface (Nodularia douglasiae, Ilistaya River, Khanka Lake basin, Primorsky Krai). A. Glochidium with the main pollution on the valve in the upper part of the photo. B. Hook with the main pollution on the left side of the photo. C. Interior valve. D. Bacteria on the interior valve (Kunashiria japonica, Utinoe Lake, Zeliony Island, Kuril Islands). E. Fungal hyphae on the pore of exterior valve (Beringiana beringiana, Azabachye Lake, Kamchatka). Scale bars 50 μm (A, C), 10 μm (B, D), 1 μm (E). Zeiss MERLIN (A, B, C, E) and Zeiss EVO 40 (D) microscopes, sputter coating with chromium (A–C), gold (D), and carbon (E).