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546 results for “coexistence”
Figure 3 in Coexistence of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland
Figure 3. Frequency of the Syrian Woodpecker's (open dots and dashed line) and Great Spotted Woodpecker's (filled dots and continuous line) park occupancy depending on the density of Syrian Woodpeckers in the study area (breeding pairs/10 km2).
Figure 1 in Coexistence of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland
Figure 1. Correlation between the density (number of breeding pairs/10 km2) of the Syrian Woodpecker and Great Spotted Woodpecker in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland.
Figure 2 in Coexistence of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland
Figure 2. Locations of Syrian Woodpecker and Great Spotted Woodpecker territories in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland. Legend: gray bars – territories with parks, white bars – territories without parks.
Ecological Dynamics and Coexistence Patterns of Wild and Domestic Mammals in an Abandoned Landscape
<p>This repository contains all scripts and data used for analysis and figures for the paper <strong>Zuleger, Annika M., Perino, Andrea, Pereira, Henrique M. (2024): <em>Ecological Dynamics and Coexistence Patterns of Wild and Domestic Mammals in an Abandoned Landscape</em>. Wildlife Biology. DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01319</strong></p> <p><strong>Full Changelog</strong>: https://github.com/AMZuleger/Dynamics_Coexistence_Peneda/commits/v1.0.0</p> <h2><strong>Abstract</strong></h2> <p>The issue of agricultural land abandonment in Southern Europe has raised concerns about its impact on biodiversity. While abandoned areas can lead to positive developments like creating new habitats and restoring native vegetation, they can also result in human-wildlife conflicts, particularly in areas with extensive farming and free-ranging livestock. To understand habitat selection and use of livestock and wild ungulates, it is essential to study their spatial and temporal distribution patterns. In this context, we conducted a long-term large mammal monitoring project using camera traps in the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Northern Portugal. Our primary focus was on exploring habitat preferences, occupancy dynamics, and potential spatial use correlations between domestic and wild species, utilizing dynamic occupancy models. Most wild species exhibited stable area use patterns, while domestic species experienced marginal declines, and the Iberian ibex displayed signs of repopulation. We observed distinct effects of habitat variables on occupancy, colonization, and extinction, revealing species-specific patterns of habitat utilization. Human disturbance had a notable impact on domestic species but did not affect wild ones. Camera sensitivity emerged as a critical factor, enhancing detection probability for all species. Additionally, habitat and weather variables exerted varying effects on detection probabilities, underscoring the necessity of accounting for these factors in modeling the detection process. We found shared habitat preferences between cattle and horses, both positively correlated with wolves, suggesting potential human-wildlife conflicts. Despite extensive spatial overlap, domestic and wild species seem to exhibit ecological independence due to distinct strategies and low predation pressure. Overall, the study emphasizes the multifaceted factors influencing habitat use. The observed species associations contribute to understanding ecological relationships and potential resource competition, emphasizing the importance of considering environmental variables for effective wildlife conservation and management.</p> <div> <h2><strong>Structure</strong></h2> </div> <ul> <li>R_Ecological_Dynamics_and_Coexistence_Patterns_rv.R --> R Script to perform all analysis from the publication <ul> <li>This is the only file needed to perform the entire analysis. Code will automaticall download data from GitHub and produce all Results and Figures.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div> <h3><strong>Data</strong></h3> </div> <ul> <li>Presence-absence tables for each species (per grid cell and week) from 2015 to 2022 (e.g. Domestic cattle.csv)</li> <li>SiteCovs_2015_grid.csv --> intial site covariates for the first primary sampling period</li> <li>yearlySiteCovs_grid.rds --> yearly site covariates for each primary sampling period</li> <li>ObsCovs.rds --> observation covariates for each secondary sampling period</li> </ul> <h2><strong>Authors</strong></h2> <p>Annika M. Zuleger*, Andrea Perino and Henrique M. Pereira</p> <p>*Corresponding author: Annika Mikaela Zuleger, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Email: <a href="mailto:annika_mikaela.zuleger@idiv.de">annika_mikaela.zuleger@idiv.de</a></p>
Fig.1 in Parasites of two coexisting invasive sailfin catfishes (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in a tropical region of Mexico
Fig.1. Intra-annual variations in: a) prevalence, b) intensity of infection and c) abundance of parasites in the invasive loricarids Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus and P. pardalis from a freshwater ecosystem of southeastern Mexico.
FIGURE 1 in Coexistence of endemic peacock basses (Cichla) in a Neotropical reservoir (Cichlidae: Cichliformes)
FIGURE 1 | Cichla kelberi (A) and C. piquiti (B) captured in the Lajeado Reservoir, Tocantins River, Brazil.
FIGURE 4 in Coexistence of endemic peacock basses (Cichla) in a Neotropical reservoir (Cichlidae: Cichliformes)
FIGURE 4 | Comparative reproductive ecology of Cichla kelberi and C. piquiti. Monthly variations in the gonadosomatic index (IGS) and in the frequency (%) of breeding females for C. kelberi (A, B) and C. piquiti (C, D).
FIGURE 3 in Coexistence of endemic peacock basses (Cichla) in a Neotropical reservoir (Cichlidae: Cichliformes)
FIGURE 3 | Comparative feeding ecology of Cichla kelberi and C. piquiti. A. Food resources (percentage) consumed by each species, grouped in broad categories. B. Resource accumulation curves based on sampling effort (stomachs analyzed). C. Relationship between the standard length (cm) of C. kelberi and C. piquiti (predators) and the standard length (cm) of consumed prey (only fish).
FIGURE 2 in Coexistence of endemic peacock basses (Cichla) in a Neotropical reservoir (Cichlidae: Cichliformes)
FIGURE 2 | Temporal and spatial variation in the abundance of Cichla kelberi and C. piquiti. A. Mean relative abundance over the years; whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals. B. Relative abundance at each sampling site. C. Habitat use considering the number (%) of fish captured in each habitat (and some combinations). OP = open areas; MG = margins; MCR = macrophytes; LG = logs.
Data for: Widespread forest-savanna coexistence but limited bistability at a landscape scale in Central Africa
<p>This directory contains the data used in the article **Zwaan et al. (2024) Widespread forest-savanna coexistence but limited bistability at a landscape scale in Central Africa** (DOI: <span><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fad8cef&data=05%7C02%7Ca.zwaan%40uu.nl%7C66d868876ad44e69715608dcf9c1c197%7Cd72758a0a4464e0fa0aa4bf95a4a10e7%7C0%7C0%7C638659857776731023%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=3Bk8nBksr5ZBWJF4nfBvx3yp1tbyZiy%2FLlnfwDCZwfE%3D&reserved=0">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad8cef</a></span>).</p> <p>This repository provides the datasets used for the figures and statistics in our research article. We hope that this data can be useful for other researchers. Feel free to explore and analyze the data as needed. If you use this data in your own research, please cite our article.</p> <p><br>**Contact**: For any questions or further information, please contact:<br>* Aart Zwaan<br>* Email: a.zwaan@uu.nl</p>
The evolution of size-dependent competitive interactions promotes species coexistence
<p>1. Theory indicates that competing species coexist in a community when intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition. When body size determines the outcome of competitive interactions between individuals, coexistence depends also on how resource use and the ability to compete for these resources change with body size. Testing coexistence theory in size-structured communities, therefore, requires disentangling the effects of size-dependent competitive abilities and niche shifts.</p> <p>2. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the evolution of species and size-dependent competitive asymmetries increased the likelihood of coexistence between interacting species.</p> <p>3. We experimentally estimated the effects of size-dependent competitive interactions on somatic growth rates of two interacting fish species, Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and killifish (Rivulus hartii). We controlled for the effects of size-dependent changes in the niche at two competitive settings representing the early (allopatric) and late (sympatric) evolutionary stages of a killifish-guppy community. We fitted the growth data to a model that incorporates species and size-dependent competitive asymmetries to test whether changes in the competitive interactions across sizes increased the likelihood of species coexistence from allopatry to sympatry.</p> <p>4. We found that guppies are competitively superior to killifish but were less so in sympatric populations. The decrease in the effects of interspecific competition on the fitness of killifish and increase in the interspecific effect on guppies' fitness increased the likelihood that sympatric guppies and killifish will coexist. However, while the competitive asymmetries between the species changed consistently between allopatry and sympatry between drainages, the magnitude of the size-dependent competitive asymmetries varied between drainages.</p> <p>5. These results demonstrate the importance of integrating evolution and trait-based interactions into the research on how species coexist.</p>
Figure 4 in Coexistence of species of two amphipod genera: Niphargus timavi (Niphargidae) and Gammarus fossarum (Gammaridae)
Figure 4. Percentage of ovigerous females for Gammarus fossarum (black bars) and Niphargus timavi (white bars).
Figure 1 in Coexistence of species of two amphipod genera: Niphargus timavi (Niphargidae) and Gammarus fossarum (Gammaridae)
Figure 1. (A) The study area with numbers indicating the eight sampling sites; (B) average water level (m) of river Reka at Ilirska Bistrica, measured between 1958 and 2003.
Figure 3 in Coexistence of species of two amphipod genera: Niphargus timavi (Niphargidae) and Gammarus fossarum (Gammaridae)
Figure 3. Life cycles of Gammarus fossarum (A, C) and Niphargus timavi (B, D). (A, B) Relative proportions of males (mid-grey), non-ovigerous females (dark grey), ovigerous females (white), and juveniles (light grey); (C, D) total number of specimens (e) and total number of eggs (m); note that several samples have been pooled for Niphargus.
Figure 2 in Coexistence of species of two amphipod genera: Niphargus timavi (Niphargidae) and Gammarus fossarum (Gammaridae)
Figure 2. Relative abundance of Niphargus timavi at sampling sites 1–8 as box-whiskers plots with the median, lower and upper quartiles, and outliers (×) indicated.
Hybridization and the coexistence of species: HZAM-Sym code and data files
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>It is thought that two species can coexist if they use different resources present in the environment, yet this assumes that species are completely reproductively isolated. We model coexistence outcomes for two sympatric species that are ecologically differentiated but have incomplete reproductive isolation. The consequences of interbreeding depend crucially on hybrid fitness. When hybrid fitness is high, just a small rate of hybridization can lead to collapse of two species into one. Low hybrid fitness can cause population declines, making extinction of one or both species likely. High intrinsic growth rates result in higher reproductive rates when populations are below carrying capacity, reducing the probability of extinction and increasing the probability of stable coexistence at moderate levels of assortative mating and hybrid fitness. Very strong but incomplete assortative mating can induce low hybrid fitness via a mating disadvantage to rare genotypes, and this can stabilize coexistence of two species at high but incomplete levels of assortative mating. Given these results and evidence that it may take many millions of years of divergence before related species become sympatric, we postulate that coexistence of closely-related species is more often limited by insufficient assortative mating than by insufficient ecological differentiation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Predator discrimination of prey promotes the predator-mediated coexistence of prey species
<p><span>The predator discrimination of prey can affect predation intensity and the prey density-dependence of predators, which has the potential to alter the coexistence of prey species. We used a predator–prey population dynamics model accounting for the predator's adaptive diet choice and predator discrimination of prey to investigate how the latter influences prey coexistence. The model revealed that: (1) prey species that are perceived as belonging to the same species by a predator are attacked in the same manner, and it is more difficult for them to coexist than those that are recognised as different prey species; and (2) prey species that are not discriminated by a predator—and therefore cannot coexist—may coexist in the presence of an alternative predator that does discriminate between them. These results suggest that prey diversity, which favours the predator discrimination of prey, and the different capabilities of predators to identify prey species both enhance prey coexistence.</span></p>
Data for: Does the evolution of ontogenetic niche shifts favor species coexistence? An empirical test in Trinidadian streams
<p>A major question in ecology is how often competing species evolve to reduce competitive interactions and facilitate coexistence. One untested route for a reduction in competitive interactions is through ontogenetic changes in the trophic niche of one or more of the interacting species. In such cases, theory predicts that two species can coexist if the weaker competitor changes its resource niche to a greater degree with increased body size than the superior competitor. We tested this prediction using stable isotopes that yield information about the trophic position (δ15N) and carbon source (δ13C) of two coexisting fish species: Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and killifish (Rivulus hartii). We examined fish from locations representing three natural community types: 1) where killifish and guppies live with predators; 2) where killifish and guppies live without predators; and 3) where killifish are the only fish species. We also examined killifish from communities in which we had introduced guppies, providing a temporal sequence of the community changes following the transition from a killifish only to a killifish-guppy community. We found that killifish, which are the weaker competitor, had a much larger ontogenetic niche shift in trophic position than guppies in the community where competition is most intense (killifish-guppy only). This result is consistent with theory for size-structured populations, which predicts that these results should lead to stable coexistence of the two species. Comparisons with other communities containing guppies, killifish and predators and ones where killifish live by themselves revealed that these results are caused primarily by a loss of ontogenetic niche changes in guppies, even though they are the stronger competitor. Comparisons of these natural communities with communities in which guppies were translocated into sites containing only killifish showed that the experimental communities were intermediate between the natural killifish-guppy community and the killifish-guppy-predator community, suggesting contemporary evolution in these ontogenetic trophic differences. These results provide comparative evidence for ontogenetic niche shifts in contributing to species coexistence and comparative and experimental evidence for evolutionary or plastic changes in ontogenetic niche shifts following the formation of new communities. </p>
Mean species responses predict effects of environmental change on coexistence
<p>Environmental change research is plagued by the curse of dimensionality: the number of communities at risk and the number of environmental drivers are both large. This raises the pressing question if a general understanding of ecological effects is achievable. These data show that this is indeed possible. It contains code that calculates the feasibility domain size (a proxy for coexistence) for bi- and tritrophic communities challenged by environmental change. Some of this code simply returns the output of a closed-form expressions (i.e. simple equations), while some rely on simulations that require specific packages.</p> <p>The data also contain presence/absence data of macroinvertebrate taxa and water chemistry variables measured across sites (that are either severely or weakly modified by human activity, quantified via land use) at US streams. With these data, we were able to test if sites that share the same community have similar water chemistry, in other words: how tightly is a community linked to a certain water chemistry? This analysis demonstrates how to apply our theory to the analysis of field data, and lends support to effects of land use change on coexistence in natural invertebrate communities.</p>
Data and Code supplement to: Effects of intraspecific variation in a native species´ phenology on its coexistence with non-native plants
<p>Data and code to generate the results of the paper published at Oikos "Effects of intraspecific variation in a native species´ phenology on its coexistence with non-native plants". </p> <p>Both R files can be independently run, and datasets include the raw data to generate the interaction coefficients according Lasthenia phenology or simulations to investigate the effect of intraspecific trait variation of Lasthenia population abundances. </p>
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