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252 results for “colonisation”
Neoisoptera repeatedly colonised Madagascar after the Middle Miocene climatic optimum
<p><span>Madagascar is home to many endemic plant and animal species owing to its ancient isolation from other landmasses. This unique fauna includes several lineages of termites, a group of insects known for their key role in organic matter decomposition in many terrestrial ecosystems. How and when termites colonised Madagascar remains unknown. In this study, we used 601 mitochondrial genomes, </span><span>93 of which were generated from Malagasy samples, to infer the global </span><span>historical biogeography of Neoisoptera, a lineage containing</span> more than <span>80% of described termite species.</span><span> Our results indicate that Neoisoptera colonised Madagascar </span><span>between seven to ten times independently during the Miocene, between 8.4-16.6 Ma (95% HPD: 6.1-19.9 Ma). This timing matches that of the colonization of Australia by Neoisoptera. Furthermore, the taxonomic composition of the Neoisopteran fauna of Madagascar and Australia are strikingly similar, with Madagascar harbouring an additional two lineages absent from Australia. Therefore, akin to Australia, Neoisoptera colonised Madagascar during the global expansion of grasslands, possibly helped by the ecological opportunities arising from the spread of this new biome.</span></p>
A key evolutionary step determining osmoregulatory ability for freshwater colonisation in early life stages of fish
<div class="page"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Colonisation of freshwater habitats by marine animals is a remarkable evolutionary event that has enriched biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems. The acquisition of tolerance to hypotonic stress during early life stages is presumed to be essential for their successful freshwater colonisation, but very little empirical evidence has been obtained to support this idea. This study aimed to comprehend the evolutionary changes in osmoregulatory mechanisms that enhance larval freshwater tolerance in amphidromous fishes, which typically spend their larval period in marine (ancestral) habitats and the rest of their life history stages in freshwater (derived) habitats. We compared the life history patterns and changes in larval survivorship and gene expression depending on salinity among three congeneric marine-originated amphidromous goby species (<em>Gymnogobius</em>), which had been suggested to differ in their larval dependence on freshwater habitats. An otolith microchemical analysis and laboratory-rearing experiment confirmed the presence of freshwater residents only in <em>G. urotaenia</em> and higher larval survivorship of this species in the freshwater condition than in the obligate amphidromous <em>G. petschiliensis</em> and <em>G. opperiens</em>. Larval whole-body transcriptome analysis revealed that <em>G. urotaenia</em> from both amphidromous and freshwater-resident populations exhibited the greatest differences in expression levels of several osmoregulatory genes, including <em>aqp3</em>, which is critical for water discharge from their body during early fish development. The present results consistently support the importance of enhanced freshwater tolerance and osmoregulatory plasticity in larval fish to establish freshwater forms, and further identify key candidate genes for larval freshwater adaptation and colonisation in the goby group.</p> </div> </div> </div>
A Study Assessing Colonisation & Immunogenicity After Nasal Inoculation With N. Lactamica and Eradication on Day 4 or 14
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03549325. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Colonisation Efficacy of Oral Probiotic Fast Melt Powder
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05367518. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
Local climatic effects on colonisation and extinction drive changes in mountain butterfly communities
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Data from: Rapid colonisation of synanthropic stone martens in a highly urbanised region: Insights from temporal and spatial analysis
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Neoisoptera repeatedly colonised Madagascar after the Middle Miocene climatic optimum
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Environmental DNA reflects spatial distribution of a rare turtle in a lentic wetland assisted colonisation site
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Data from: Genetic patterns of Magnolia in the Lesser Antilles: Stepwise colonisation leading to highly inbred island ‘populations’
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Imposing primary colonisation success of wood-decomposing fungi in birch wood alters microbiome composition and carbon release rates
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Data from: Climate matching and anthropogenic factors contribute to the colonisation and extinction of local populations during avian invasions
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Recent community warming of moths in Finland is driven by extinction in the north and colonisation in the south
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Data from: Multiple late-Pleistocene colonisation events of the Antarctic pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae) reveal the recent arrival of native Antarctic vascular flora
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A key evolutionary step determining osmoregulatory ability for freshwater colonisation in early life stages of fish
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Data from: Plant life history traits rather than soil legacies determine colonisation of soil patches in a multi-species grassland
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Figure 7 in New biogeographical makeup for colonisation of the Baja California Peninsulaı with the description of a new Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figure 7. Distribution of O. cartwrighti (black dot) and closely related species (based on Howden and Cartwright 1963; Howden 1973; Anduaga and Halffter 1991b; and specimen labels of the Gonzalo Halffter Collection): O. arnetti Howden and Cartwright, 1963 (white triangle), O. browni (black triangle), and O. velutinus (white dot). These species illustrate the penetration of the Baja California Peninsula by the O. mexicanus species group, following the Mexican Plateau Paleoamerican sub-pattern.
Wing morphological responses to latitude and colonisation in a range expanding butterfly
<p>Images of male Speckled Wood butterfly (<em>Pararge aegeria</em>) wings that were collected (during 2016-2018) across a recently expanded range in mainland Britain. The wings were used to study changes in morphology (size and shape) and colour with colonisation history, latitude and temperature.</p> <p>Images were taken by Evelyn D. Taylor-Cox and Claire Williams in the Lepidoptera Ecological Genetics Group at the Univeristy of Liverpool, under the supervision of Ilik J. Saccheri. </p> <p> </p> <p>Files included:</p> <ol> <li>Parage_aegeria_RAW.zip <ul> <li>Nikon raw camera images (.NEF) with ColorGauge Micro Target (Image Science Associates) colour calibration grid</li> </ul> </li> <li>Raw_example.NEF <ul> <li>Example raw image for preview</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pararge_aegeria_landmarks_jpeg.zip <ul> <li>Selected wings for landmarking and associated landmark coordinate files (.TPS)</li> <li>These images have been calibrated and cropped to either the left forewing or hindwing (dorsal surfaces only)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pararge_aegeria_colour_png.zip <ul> <li>Selected wings for colour analysis (.png)</li> <li>These images have been calibrated and cropped to either the left forewing or hindwing (both ventral and dorsal)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Calib_cropped_FW_D_example.png <ul> <li>Example cropped and calibrated forewing image, dorsal surface (in .png format)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>Nomenculture (for 2017/18 samples, principle collector EDTC):</p> <ul> <li>PA_*_XX: site number (*) and site code (XX)</li> <li>_##: within site sample number (##)</li> <li>_V or _D: ventral or dorsal surface</li> </ul> <p>Nomenculture (for 2016/7 samples, principle collector CM):</p> <ul> <li>PA_**M#: site reference(**)_Male (M)_within site number(#)</li> <li>_V or _D: ventral or dorsal surface</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>This work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC ACCE: studentship to EDTC, grant number NE/L002450/1, NE/N015711/1 awarded to IJS and NE/N015797/1 JKH).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Please contact Ilik J. Saccheri (saccheri@liverpool.ac.uk) or Evelyn D. Taylor-Cox (e.taylorcox@hotmail.co.uk) for requests.</strong></p> <p> </p>
Data from: Predominant east to west colonisations across major oceanic barriers: insights into the phylogeographic history of the hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea, suggested by a mitochondrial DNA barcoding marker
We provide preliminary insights into the global phylogeographic and evolutionary patterns across species of the hydrozoan superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). We analysed 1114 16S sequences of 198 putative species of Plumularioidea collected worldwide. We investigated genetic connections and divergence in relation to present-day and ancient biogeographic barriers, climate changes and oceanic circulation. Geographical distributions of most species are generally more constrained than previously assumed. Some species able to raft are dispersed widely. Human-mediated dispersal explains some wide geographical ranges. Trans-Atlantic genetic connections are presently unlikely for most of the tropical-temperate species, but were probably more frequent until the Miocene-Pliocene transition, before restriction of the Tethys Sea and the Central American Seaway. Trans-Atlantic colonisations were predominantly directed westwards through (sub)tropical waters. The Azores were colonized multiple times and through different routes, mainly from the east Atlantic, at least since the Pliocene. Extant geminate clades separated by the Isthmus of Panama have predominantly Atlantic origin. Various ancient colonisations mainly directed from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic, occurred through the Tethys Sea and around South Africa in periods of lower intensity of the Benguela upwelling. Thermal tolerance, population sizes, dispersal strategies, oceanic currents, substrate preference and land barriers are important factors for dispersal and speciation of marine hydroids.
Data from: Contrasting effects of host identity, plant community, and local species pool on the composition and colonisation levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in a temperate grassland
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important plant symbionts, but we know little about the effects of plant taxonomic identity or functional group on the AMF community composition. To examine effects of the surrounding plant community, of host, and of the AMF pool on the AMF community in plant roots, we manipulated plant community composition in a long-term field experiment. Within four types of manipulated grassland plots, seedlings of eight grassland plant species were planted for 12 weeks, and AMF in their roots were quantified. Additionally, we characterised the AMF community of individual plots (as their AMF pool) and quantified plot abiotic conditions. The largest determinant of AMF community composition was the pool of available AMF, varying at metre scale due to changing soil conditions. The second strongest predictor was the host functional group. The differences between grasses and dicotyledonous forbs in AMF community variation and diversity were much larger than the differences among species within those groups. High cover of forbs in the surrounding plant community had a strong positive effect on AMF colonisation intensity in grass hosts. Using a manipulative field experiment enabled us to demonstrate direct causal effects of plant host and surrounding vegetation.
Limits to host colonisation and speciation in a radiation of parasitic finches
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Parasite lineages vary widely in species richness. In some clades, speciation is linked to the colonisation of new hosts. This is the case in the indigobirds and whydahs (<i>Vidua</i>), brood-parasitic finches whose nestlings mimic the phenotypes of their specific hosts. To understand the factors limiting host colonisation, and therefore speciation, we simulated the colonisation of a host using cross-fostering experiments in the field. Despite DNA barcoding suggesting that host species feed their chicks similar diets, nestling <i>Vidua </i>had low survival in their new host environment. Nestling <i>Vidua</i> did not alter their begging calls plastically to match those of the new hosts, and were fed less compared to both host chicks and to <i>Vidua</i> chicks in their natural host nests. This suggests that a key hurdle in colonising new hosts is obtaining the right amount rather than the right type of food from host parents. This highlights the importance of mimetic nestling phenotypes in soliciting feeding from foster parents and may explain why successful colonisations tend to be of hosts closely-related to the ancestral one. That non-mimetic chicks are fed less but not actively rejected by host parents suggests how selection from hosts can be sufficiently intense to cause parasite adaptation, yet sufficiently relaxed that parasitic chicks can sometimes survive in and colonise new host environments even if they lack accurate mimetic phenotypes. The difficulties of soliciting sufficient food from novel foster parents, together with habitat filters, likely limit the colonisation of new hosts, and therefore speciation, in this parasite radiation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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