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Figure 4 in Another case of colour pattern polymorphism in Earth Snakes of the genus Geophis (Dipsadidae) from southern Mexico

Figure 4. Geographic distribution of the species of the Geophis sieboldi group in the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. Closed squares = G. cf. sieboldi; open squares = G. sallaei; closed triangles = G. petersii; open triangles = G. occabus; open circles = G. russatus; closed circles = G. laticollaris.

Figure 3 in Another case of colour pattern polymorphism in Earth Snakes of the genus Geophis (Dipsadidae) from southern Mexico

Figure 3. Hemipenial morphology of G. laticollaris (MZFC 35649) on sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views. Length of the organ = 10.6 mm.

Figure 1 in Another case of colour pattern polymorphism in Earth Snakes of the genus Geophis (Dipsadidae) from southern Mexico

Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Geophis based on a Bayesian analysis of partial sequences of the cyt-b mitochondrial gene. Numbers at nodes represent Bayesian posterior probabilities/bootstrap values.

Figure 2 in Another case of colour pattern polymorphism in Earth Snakes of the genus Geophis (Dipsadidae) from southern Mexico

Figure 2. Colour pattern variation exhibited by Geophis russatus (a: MZFC 35650, b: MZFC 35648, c: MZFC 35647) and G. laticollaris (d: MZFC 35649, e: MZFC 34933, f: MZFC 34932).

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Sexual conflict does not maintain female colour polymorphism in a territorial damselfly

<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Female-limited dimorphism is commonly hypothesized to be an adaptation resulting from male harassment or sexual conflict over female mating rate. We examined whether males discriminate be- tween female colour morphs of the beautiful Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion calliphya, in order to evaluate whether male harassment could explain the existence and/or maintenance of this dimorphism. Previous studies of this species suggest that spatially varying ecological selection maintains the dimorphism, but these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Here, we used a common method of measuring male behaviour towards secured females at mating sites under naturally occurring conditions, using five populations that range in male-like female morph frequency from 0 to 0.86. We found very low rates of interaction in a total of 64 one-hour trials, and male behaviour towards females did not differ significantly between colour morphs. By comparing the populations that vary in female morph fre- quency, we found no evidence of frequency-dependent sexual selection on colour, suggesting that this polymorphism is maintained by selective forces other than sexual conflict.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

FIGURES 6–32. Basal antennomeres, males. 6 in Species delimitation of colour polymorphic Cladophorus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from New Guinea

FIGURES 6–32. Basal antennomeres, males. 6, Cladophorus bicolor Kleine; 7, C. boceki sp. nov.; 8, C. craterensis sp. nov.; 9, C. haiaensis sp. nov.; 10, C. humeralis Kleine; 11, C. kailakiensis sp. nov.; 12, C. manokwarensis sp. nov.; 13, C. mindikensis sp. nov.; 14, C. praecipuus Kleine; 15, C. motykai sp. nov.; 16, C. riedeli sp. nov.; 17, C. pallescens sp. nov.; 18, C. wasiorensis sp. nov. Terminal antennomeres, male. 19, C. haiaensis sp. nov. Pronotum. 20, C. bicolor Kleine; 21, C. boceki sp. nov., 22, C. craterensis sp. nov.; 23, C. haiaensis sp. nov.; 24, C. humeralis Kleine; 25, C. kailakiensis sp. nov.; 26, C. manokwarensis sp. nov.; 27, C. mindikensis sp. nov.; 28, C. motykai sp. nov.; 29, C. pallescens sp. nov.; 30, C. praecipuus Kleine; 31, C. riedeli sp. nov.; 32, C. wasiorensis sp. nov. a, length of lamella; b, length of the stem of antennomere 3. Scales: antennae 1.5 mm; pronota 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 1–3. 1–2 in Species delimitation of colour polymorphic Cladophorus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from New Guinea

FIGURES 1–3. 1–2, General appearance of Cladophorus bicolor in the Central mountains of New Guinea. 3, Sampled localities and the distribution of Cladophorus species

FIGURES 4–5. 4 in Species delimitation of colour polymorphic Cladophorus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from New Guinea

FIGURES 4–5. 4, Phylogenetic hypothesis of Papuan Cladophorus inferred from the cox1 mtDNA dataset using maximum likelihood criterion. 5, Cladophorus sp., general appearance.

FIGURES 53–78. Male genitalia ventrally and laterally. 53–54 in Species delimitation of colour polymorphic Cladophorus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from New Guinea

FIGURES 53–78. Male genitalia ventrally and laterally. 53–54, Cladophorus bicolor Kleine; 55–56, C. boceki sp. nov.; 57– 58, C. craterensis sp. nov.; 59–60, C. haiaensis sp. nov.; 61–62, C. humeralis Kleine; 63–64, C. kailakiensis sp. nov.; 65–66, C. manokwarensis sp. nov.; 67–68, C. mindikensis sp. nov.; 69–70, C. motykai sp. nov.; 71–72, C. pallescens sp. nov.; 73–74, C. praecipuus Kleine; 75–76, C. riedeli sp. nov.; 77–78, C. wasiorensis sp. nov. Scales 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 33–52. Elytron. 33–36 in Species delimitation of colour polymorphic Cladophorus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from New Guinea

FIGURES 33–52. Elytron. 33–36, Cladophorus bicolor Kleine; 37, C. boceki sp. nov.; 38, C. craterensis sp. nov.; 39, C. haiaensis sp. nov.; 40, C. humeralis Kleine; 41, C. kailakiensis sp. nov.; 42, C. manokwarensis sp. nov.; 43, C. mindikensis sp. nov.; 44–45, C. motykai sp. nov.; 46, C. pallescens sp. nov.; 47, C. praecipuus Kleine; 48, C. riedeli sp. nov.; 49, C. wasiorensis sp. nov. Structure of elytral costae in C. bicolor Kleine. 50, humeral part of the elytron; 51, transition between the dark and light colored part of the elytron; 52, apical part of the elytron. Scales: elytron 1.5 mm; elytra detail 0.2 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Discrete colour polymorphism in the tawny dragon lizard (Ctenophorus decresii) and differences in signal conspicuousness among morphs

Intraspecific colour variation is common in nature and can vary from the coexistence of discrete colour variants in polymorphic species to continuous variation. Whether coloration is continuous or discrete is often ambiguous and many species exhibit a combination of the two. The nature of the variation (discrete or continuous) has implications for both the genetic basis of the colour variation and the evolutionary processes generating and maintaining it. Consequently, it is important to qualify the existence of discrete morphs, particularly in relation to the animal's visual system. In this study, we quantified male throat colour variation in Ctenophorus decresii tawny dragon lizard and tested for morphological and ecological correlates of the colour variants. We confirmed that discrete throat colour morphs can be defined based on colour and pattern analyses independent of the human visual system. We also found that the colour variants differed in their conspicuousness from the background, to the lizard's visual system, which has implications for signalling. However, the morphs did not differ in morphology or microhabitat use, which suggests that these characteristics are not involved in the evolutionary maintenance of the polymorphism.

Figure 4 in Spatial and temporal dynamics of exuberant colour polymorphism in the southern cricket frog

Figure 4. Green (a) and brown (b) dorsal colour morphs of the southern cricket frogs (Acris gryllus). c) Frequency of dorsal colour morphs at two study locations in Georgia, USA (N = 61, Site A; N = 82, Site B). Site A had significantly more green morphs that site B. Both sites had proportionally more brown morphs than green morphs.

Figure 3. a in Spatial and temporal dynamics of exuberant colour polymorphism in the southern cricket frog

Figure 3. a) Principal components loadings from a logistical principal components analysis for each polymorphic trait measured in Acris gryllus using logistical principal components. Points are labelled with each trait, where DPBE = dark patch behind eye, LLUE = light line under eye, DPBF = dark patch behind forelimb, LLIH = light limb inside of hindlimb, 3BUH = presence of three blotches on upper hindlimb, 3BLH = presence of three blotches on lower hindlimb, BlShape = shape of blotch on hindlimbs. b) Principal component scores of principal components 1 and 2, which explained 64.8% of the variance in morph frequency among individuals. Points represent individuals, with colour corresponding to the collecting locality for that individual.

Figure 2. a in Spatial and temporal dynamics of exuberant colour polymorphism in the southern cricket frog

Figure 2. a) The southern cricket frog (Acris gryllus). Frequency of individuals with b) a light line under the eye, c) a light line inside of the hindlimb, d) a circular hindlimb blotch, e) dark patch behind the eye, f) dark patch behind the forelimb, g) three blotches on the upper hindlimb, and h) three blotches on the lower hindlimb across 90 museum specimens. All traits varied significantly among populations except for the light line inside of the hindlimb.

Figure 1 in Spatial and temporal dynamics of exuberant colour polymorphism in the southern cricket frog

Figure 1. Morphological traits that were scored from specimens in a natural history collection. a) upper hindlimb blotches, b) lower hindlimb blotches, c) dark patch behind eye, d) light line under eye, e) dark patch behind the forelimb. The light line inside of the hindlimb is not pictured.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Sex-specific shifts in morphology and colour pattern polymorphism during range expansion of an invasive lizard

Aim: Human-assisted range expansion of animals to new environments can lead to phenotypic shifts over ecological timescales.We investigated whether phenotypic changes are sex-specific using an invasive lizard (Lampropholis delicata). Location: Pacific region (Hawaiian Islands, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, eastern Australia) Methods: Using our knowledge of theintroduction history of L. delicata, we examined museum specimens of individuals collected across the native and introduced range to determine whether shifts in morphologyor colour pattern polymorphism had occurred during its range expansion, and if so, whether they differed between the sexes. Results: Sexual dimorphism in both size and shape was documented within the native range of the delicate skink. However, during range expansion, phenotypic shifts were observed in shape, but not size. In two of the three invasive populations, these phenotypic shifts were sex-specific. In the Hawaiian Islands, changes in shape were driven by males, whereas in New Zealand it was due to shifts in females.Similarly, changes in the frequency of a colour pattern polymorphism, a mid-lateral stripe shown to have sex-specific impacts on fitness (positive in females, negative in males), occurred following colonisation of the Hawaiian Islands and Lord Howe Island. In Hawaii, the incidence of the polymorphism increased over time in females, and decreased in males. Main conclusions: Phenotypic shifts during the range expansion of invasive species may be sex-specific, and are potentially related to the degree of realised niche shift that has occurred between the source and introduced range.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Specialist predation covaries with colour polymorphism in tawny owls

<p></p><p>Understanding intraspecific phenotypic variation in prey specialisation can help to predict how long-term changes in prey availability affect the viability of these phenotypes and their persistence. Generalists are favoured when the main food resources are unpredictable compared to specialists, which track the availability of the main prey and are more vulnerable to changes in the main food resource. Intraspecific heritable melanin-based colour polymorphism is considered to reflect adaptations to different environments. We studied colour morph-specific diet specialisation in a generalist predator, tawny owl (Strix aluco), during offspring food provisioning in relation to mammal prey density. We hypothesised that the grey morph, with higher fitness than the brown in Northern boreal conditions, is more specialised in mammalian prey than the brown morph, which in turn has higher fitness than the grey in the temperate zone. We found a higher diversity of prey delivered to the nest by brown fathers compared to grey ones, which also depended on the overall mammalian prey availability. Brown fathers provided proportionally fewer mammalian prey than grey in poor, but not in favourable mammal prey years. Our results suggest that the brown morph is more generalistic and reacts more strongly to variations in food supply than the grey morph, which may be a beneficial strategy in an unpredictable environment caused by environmental degradation.</p> Significance statement <p>Diet choice of a species may vary depending on fluctuations in the abundance of their food resource, but also within a population, there can be adaptations to use different food resources. The tawny owl exhibits a grey and a reddish-brown colour morph and is considered a generalist predator eating both mammal and bird prey. We find that the diet of the reddish-brown morph is more diverse than that of the grey. When the tawny owls' main prey, small mammals, are abundant both colour morphs prey on mammals, but in years with less small mammals, the reddish-brown morph is more prone of switching to small bird predation than the grey. The generalist strategy of the brown morph is likely to be more favourable than a stricter specialisation in small mammals of the grey under recently reoccurring irregularities in small mammal dynamics.</p> <p></p>

opennotspecifiedNov 2012View details →

Figure 9 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 9. Haplotype networks of the Bombus trifasciatus lineage for each of three nuclear genes: internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and arginine kinase (ArgK). Each circle represents a sampled or intermediate haplotype and each connecting line a base change. Haplotypes are coloured to represent similarly coloured sublineages in Figure 6. Numbers refer to voucher specimens listed in Table S1. Dashed lines connect heterozygous alleles (a1, a2) from an individual. Grey circles and lines for PEPCK and ArgK represent reconstruction using alternative phase haplotypes with the percentages of those haplotypes indicated.

opennotspecifiedNov 2012View details →

Figure 3 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics

Figure 3. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Orientalibombus) haemorrhoidalis sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined using dashed lines. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing.