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229 results for “community biodiversity”
Figure 1 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation
Figure 1. (a) Location of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park (gray shaded area), a protected tropical Atlantic Rain Forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. (b) Map of the 15 study sites and their respective altitudes along the elevational gradient in the Park, where four different phytophysiognomies are observed: (c) lower montane forest (up to 500 m), which presents a 20 m high canopy but normally no other well-defined forest layers; (d) montane forest (500 m to 1500 m), with its clear stratification into arboreal, shrub, and herb layers, and large emergent trees reaching 40 m covered with abundant lianas and epiphytes; (e) high montane forest (1500 m to 2000 m) with smaller trees of up to 10 m covered with mosses and epiphytes, and great diversity of shrubs; and (f) high-altitude grassland, also known as campos de altitude (above 2000 m), dominated by herbal vegetation growing around rocks and scattered shrubs.
Figure 5. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against mean monthly temperature across 15 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation
Figure 5. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against mean monthly temperature across 15 sites. (a) Abundance; (b) Log10 Species Richness; (c) Log10 Simpson's Index (1/D); and (d) Shannon Index. Lines are the equations of the model in Table 3 ± 95%CI. (a) cubic model; (b,d) quadratic models; and (c): linear model.
Biodiversity-productivity relationships in a natural grassland community vary under diversity loss scenarios
<p>Understanding the biodiversity-productivity relationship and underlying mechanisms in natural ecosystems under realistic diversity loss scenarios remains a major challenge for ecologists despite its importance for predicting impacts of rapid loss of biodiversity worldwide. Here we report the results of a plant functional group (PFG) removal experiment conducted on the Mongolian Plateau, the largest remaining natural grassland in the world.</p> <p>Our results demonstrated that the biodiversity-productivity relationship varied among positive linear, neutral, and unimodal forms under different PFG loss patterns. Moreover, the form of this relationship with the same PFG loss pattern sometimes changed through time.</p> <p>The abundance of the remaining PFG(s) before removal and their compensation following the loss of other PFGs were two major mechanisms affecting the biodiversity-productivity relationship under diversity loss scenarios. The abundance effect promoted positive responses of productivity to biodiversity, but the compensation effect caused several biodiversity-productivity relationships, hinging on its direction (positive or negative) and strength. As indicated by the values of the compensation index, negative, zero and partial compensations contributed to the positive relationships, while full compensation resulted in a neutral relationship. Over-compensation at intermediate PFG richness levels created a unimodal curve in our system, but it could also lead to a negative linear relationship.</p> <p><i>Synthesis</i>. Our experiment provides a vivid picture of how the form of the biodiversity-productivity relationship varies among different diversity loss patterns in a natural ecosystem. We argue that compensation by the remaining species, which is not revealed by synthesized biodiversity experiments, plays a critical role in shaping the form of this relationship when diversity is lost from existing systems. The direction and strength of compensation are highly dependent on extirpation scenarios. Thus, impacts of biodiversity loss on natural ecosystems are likely more complex than predicted by the canonical positive saturating curve obtained from the synthesized biodiversity experiments. We suggest that models forecasting the consequences of biodiversity declines on natural ecosystems should take into account diversity loss patterns and the ensuing compensation.</p>
Disentangling the links between habitat complexity and biodiversity in a kelp‐dominated subantarctic community
<p>Habitat complexity is one of the most important factors modulating species diversity. This feature comprises several interrelated attributes, such as number, size, and spatial arrangement of complexity-forming elements. However, the separate and joint effects of these attributes on diversity and community structure are still not well understood. Here, we assess the relationships between several structural-complexity attributes of the subantarctic kelp <i>Lessonia flavicans </i>and species richness, total abundance, and structure of kelp-associated macrobenthic communities. We predicted that longer thalli and larger holdfasts favour greater species richness and total abundance of invertebrate organisms. To test the prediction, an observational sampling program was established in two sites of the Strait of Magellan. Uni- and multivariate analyses revealed both positive and negative effects of kelp structural-complexity attributes on diversity. Holdfast diameter and maximum frond length, followed by thallus wet weight, had the strongest positive fits to species richness and total abundance; the number of stipes, on the other hand, was negatively associated with both response variables. Longer fronds were associated with greater abundances of spirorbid polychaetes. Larger holdfasts supported larger abundances of Nereididae and Terebelidae polychaetes and the limpet <i>Nacella mytilina</i>. Contrarily, kelps with longer fronds and more stipes supported fewer amphipods. In this way, we demonstrate that different dimensions of habitat complexity can have contrasting effects on diversity and community structure, highlighting the fundamental role of multiple dimensions of kelp habitat complexity for local biodiversity.</p>
Data from: Community assembly and metaphylogeography of soil biodiversity: insights from haplotype-level community DNA metabarcoding within an oceanic island
<p>Most of our understanding of island diversity comes from the study of aboveground systems, while the patterns and processes of diversification and community assembly for belowground biotas remain poorly understood. Here we take advantage of a relatively young and dynamic oceanic island to advance our understanding of eco-evolutionary processes driving community assembly within soil mesofauna. Using whole organism community DNA (wocDNA) metabarcoding and the recently developed metaMATE pipeline, we have generated spatially explicit and reliable haplotype-level DNA sequence data for soil mesofauna assemblages sampled across the four main habitats within the island of Tenerife. Community ecological and metaphylogeographic analyses have been performed at multiple levels of genetic similarity, from haplotypes to species and supraspecific groupings. Broadly consistent patterns of local-scale species richness across different insular habitats have been found, whereas local insular richness is lower than in continental settings. Our results reveal an important role for niche conservatism as a driver of insular community assembly of soil mesofauna, with only limited evidence for habitat shifts promoting diversification. Furthermore, support is found for a fundamental role of habitat in the assembly of soil mesofauna, where habitat specialism is mainly due to colonisation and the establishment of preadapted species. Hierarchical patterns of distance decay at the community level and metaphylogeographical analyses support a pattern of geographic structuring over limited spatial scales, from the level of haplotypes through to species and lineages, as expected for taxa with strong dispersal limitations. Our results demonstrate the potential for wocDNA metabarcoding to advance our understanding of biodiversity.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic community ecology of soil biodiversity using mitochondrial metagenomics
High-throughput DNA methods hold great promise for the study of taxonomically intractable mesofauna of the soil. Here, we assess species diversity and community structure in a phylogenetic framework, by sequencing total DNA from bulk specimen samples and assembly of mitochondrial genomes. The combination of mitochondrial metagenomics and DNA barcode sequencing of 1494 specimens in 69 soil samples from three geographic regions in southern Iberia revealed >300 species of soil Coleoptera (beetles) from a broad spectrum of phylogenetic lineages. A set of 214 mitochondrial sequences longer than 3000 bp was generated and used to estimate a well-supported phylogenetic tree of the order Coleoptera. Shorter sequences, including cox1 barcodes, were placed on this mitogenomic tree. Raw Illumina reads were mapped against all available sequences to test for species present in local samples. This approach simultaneously established the species richness, phylogenetic composition and community turnover at species and phylogenetic levels. We find a strong signature of vertical structuring in soil fauna that shows high local community differentiation between deep soil and superficial horizons at phylogenetic levels. Within the two vertical layers, turnover among regions was primarily at the tip (species) level and was stronger in the deep soil than leaf litter communities, pointing to layer-mediated drivers determining species diversification, spatial structure and evolutionary assembly of soil communities. This integrated phylogenetic framework opens the application of phylogenetic community ecology to the mesofauna of the soil, among the most diverse and least well-understood ecosystems, and will propel both theoretical and applied soil science.
Testing the robustness of a coastal biodiversity data protocol in the Mediterranean: Insights from the molluscan assemblages of the sublittoral macroalgae communities
<p>Dataset from NaGISA project, class mollusca.</p>
Data from: Forest plant community as a driver of soil biodiversity: experimental evidence from collembolan assemblages through large-scale and long-term removal of oak canopy trees Quercus petraea
Plant–soil interactions are increasingly recognized to play a major role in terrestrial ecosystems functioning. However, few studies to date have focused on slow dynamic ecosystems such as forests. As they are vertically stratified by multiple vegetation strata, canopy tree removal by thinning operations could alter forest plant community through tree canopy opening. Very little is known about cascading effects on soil biodiversity. We conducted a large-scale, multi-site assessment of collembolan assemblage response to long-term canopy tree removal in sessile oak Quercus petraea temperate forests. A total of 33 experimental plots were studied covering a large gradient of canopy tree basal area, stand age and local abiotic contexts. Collembolan abundance strongly declined with canopy tree removal in early forest successional stage and this was mediated by negative effect of understory plant community composition changes, i.e. shift from moss and forb to tree seedling, fern, shrub and grass species. Negative effect of this composition shift on collembolan species richness was largely offset by positive effect of the increase in understory plant species richness. This gives support to both the plant mass-ratio and functional diversity hypotheses. Collembolan functional groups had contrasting response patterns, which were mediated by different ecological factors. Epedaphic (r-strategist) abundance and species richness increased with canopy tree removal in relation with the increase in understory plant species richness. In contrast, euedaphic (K-strategist) abundance and species richness declined with canopy tree removal in early forest successional stage in relation with changes in understory plant community composition and species richness, as well as microclimatic conditions. Overall, our study provides experimental evidence that forest plant community can be a strong driver of collembolan assemblages. It also emphasizes the role of trees as foundation species of forest ecosystems that can shape soil biodiversity through their regulation of understory plant community and ecosystem abiotic conditions.
Figure 3 in Coral reef tanaidacean assemblages along the SW and SE Gulf of Mexico: biodiversity, geographic distribution and community structure
Figure 3. Dendrograms of each sampling site and grouping of sampling sites with spatial analysis of non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) obtained with a dissimilarity matrix using Bray–Curtis indices. Area Natural Protegida Tuxpan–Lobos (ANPT–L), Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV) and Sistema Arrecifal Bajos Sisal (SABS).
Figure 1 in Coral reef tanaidacean assemblages along the SW and SE Gulf of Mexico: biodiversity, geographic distribution and community structure
Figure 1. Location of reef systems in the Gulf of Mexico. Area Natural Protegida Tuxpan–Lobos (ANPT–L), Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV) and Sistema Arrecifal Bajos Sisal (SABS).
Focusing on individual plants to understand community scale biodiversity effects: the case of root distribution in grasslands
<p>Spatial resource partitioning between species via differences in rooting depth is one of the main explanations for the positive biodiversity-productivity relationship. However, evidence for the importance of this mechanism is limited. This may be due to the community scale at which these interactions are often investigated. Community measures represent net outcomes of species interactions and may obscure the mechanisms underlying belowground interactions.</p> <p>Here, we assess the performance of ~1700 individual plants and their heterospecific neighbours over three growing seasons in experimental grassland plots containing one, four or 16 different plant species and tested whether their performance in mixtures compared to monocultures was related to their own rooting depth vs. the rooting depth of their heterospecific neighbours.</p> <p>Overall, individuals of deep-rooting species performed better in mixtures and this effect significantly increased when surrounded by more shallow-rooting species. This effect was not apparent for the shallow rooting species. Together, including both deep and shallow rooting species increased mixture performance.</p> <p>Our results show that taking the perspective of the individual rather than the community can elucidate the interactions between species that contribute to positive biodiversity effects, emphasizing the need for studies at different scales to disentangle the myriad interactions that take place in diverse communities.</p>
Meynell Langley grassland experiment containing community, biodiversity and functionality data
<p>Cost-effective strategies to increase biodiversity are a fundamental requirement to reconcile conservation and food production in agricultural landscapes. Key to the implementation of such strategies is an accurate quantification of both their benefits and potential associated trade-offs. Therefore, we assessed, in a commercially managed grassland, biodiversity responses to two low-cost management interventions and their mediating effects on ecosystem services. </p> <p>In a six-year experiment, we showed that a one-time seed-bank activation treatment had strong initial impacts on biodiversity, increasing plant richness in year one by 61%. Long-term effects, which were also driven by the second management intervention, the propagation of the keystone species yellow rattle, were weaker but nonetheless substantial. These positive biodiversity responses improved ecosystem multifunctionality through additive positive effects of richness, evenness, and phylogenetic distinctiveness on nectar production and structural habitat complexity. In contrast, hay biomass production was negatively affected by both management interventions, resulting in a multilevel trade-off between biomass production competing with biodiversity conservation and the provisioning of other ecosystem services.</p> <p><em><strong>Synthesis and applications:</strong></em> In this study, we demonstrate that the maximisation of either biodiversity or biomass production requires largely different land-management practices. The evaluation of this trade-off, however, is strongly dependent on its social, economic, and ecological context and requires clearly defined land-management priorities for both food production and biodiversity conservation.</p>
Data from: Environmental filtering and competitive exclusion drive biodiversity-invasibility relationships in shallow lake plant communities
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Data from: Revisiting the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in Neotropical savannas
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Focusing on individual plants to understand community scale biodiversity effects: the case of root distribution in grasslands
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Data from: Ecological genomics meets community-level modeling of biodiversity: mapping the genomic landscape of current and future environmental adaptation
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Data from: Burning for biodiversity: highly resilient ant communities respond only to strongly contrasting fire regimes in Australia’s seasonal tropics
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Meynell Langley grassland experiment containing community, biodiversity and functionality data
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Data from: Historical climatic variability and geographical barriers as drivers of community composition in a biodiversity hotspot
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Data from: Experimental demonstration of the importance of keystone communities for maintaining metacommunity biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.