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FIG. 5 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens

FIG. 5. — Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of lichen community functional traits and environmental variables in three vegetation types. * (p <0.05) and ** (p <0.005) represent the significance of functional traits related to the Xerophytic shrubland (X), Subtropical shrubland (S), and Quercus L. forest (Q).

FIG. 1 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens

FIG. 1. — Amplitude and mean values of alpha diversity (species richness) per vegetation type. Symbols: black dot, outlier; white dots, mean values.

FIG. 6 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens

FIG. 6. — Correlation of lichen community functional traits and environmental variables in three vegetation types.

FIG. 2 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens

FIG. 2. — Beta diversity and shared species per vegetation type: A, pairwise comparisons of the different elements of beta diversity (Xerophytic, xerophytic shrubland; Quercus, Quercus forest; Subtropical, subtropical shrubland); B, Venn diagram showing exclusive and shared species among the vegetation types included in this study.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities

Alien plants experience novel abiotic conditions and interactions with native communities in the introduced area. Intra- and interspecific selection on functional traits in the new environment may lead to increased population growth with time since introduction (residence time). However, selection regimes might differ depending on the invaded habitat. Additionally, in high-competition habitats, a build-up of biotic resistance of native species due to accumulation of eco-evolutionary experience to aliens over time may limit invasion success. We tested if the effect of functional traits and the population dynamics of aliens depends on interspecific competition with native plant communities. We conducted a multi-species experiment with 40 annual Asteraceae that differ in residence time in Germany. We followed their population growth in monocultures and in interspecific competition with an experienced native community (varying co-existence times between focals and community). To more robustly test our findings, we used a naïve community that never co-existed with the focals. We found that high seed mass decreased population growth in monocultures but tended to increase population growth under high interspecific competition. We found no evidence for a build-up of competition-mediated biotic resistance by the experienced community over time. Instead, population growth of the focal species was similarly inhibited by the experienced and naïve community. By comparing the effect of experienced and naïve communities on population dynamics over two years across a large set of species with a high variation in functional traits and residence time, this study advances the understanding of the long-term dynamics of plant invasions. In our study system, population growth of alien species was not limited by an increase of competitive effects by native communities (one aspect of biotic resistance) over time. Instead, invasion success of alien plants may be limited because initial spread in low-competition habitats requires different traits than establishment in high-competition habitats.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Structural and functional effects of global invasion pressure on benthic marine communities – patterns, challenges and priorities

Here we present datasets underlying the results of the study examining patterns of structural and functional community-level change in a range of well-studied marine ecosystems with documented histories of bioinvasion. For the purpose of the study, the authors identified six regions with extensive bay-scale datasets on native and non-indigenous benthic species assemblages, allowing paired comparisons in time (years to decades; retrospective datasets) or space (high vs. low proximity to hotspots of NIS introductions within a region; cross-sectional datasets) representing differences in bioinvasion pressure (Table 1). These sites were: 1) coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada (BC); 2) San Francisco Bay, USA (SF); 3) Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil (BR); 4) North-Eastern Baltic Sea, Estonia (BS); 5) estuaries of New South Wales, Australia (AU) and 6) Waitematā Harbour, New Zealand (NZ). These six regions are generally at mid- to higher-latitudes, with one low-latitude site (BR). The study sites encompassed surveys of benthic communities: fouling assemblages (BC and AU), subtidal reefs (BR and BS), and soft-sediment benthos (SF, BS, and NZ). Three data files are provided for each study region and include: <ul> <li>benthic community data (XX_species.csv)</li> <li>binary (0/1) biological trait information compiled for all species in the dataset (XX_traits.csv)</li> <li>additional explanatory variables considered for each study region - bioinvasion pressure and spatial variables (XX_env.csv)</li> </ul> For detailed information on datasets and methods description please refer to the original manuscript by Zaiko et al.

Fig. 5 in Aquatic invertebrate communities of perennial pans in Mpumalanga, South Africa: a diversity and functional approach

Fig. 5. RDA tri-plot illustrating the similarities between the various sites (and surveys) and the physicochemical variables. The tri-plot describes 45.3 % of the variation, with 22.3 % being described on the first axis and 23 % on the second axis. Only the taxa of which more than 10 % is explained by the model and the 15 most significant environmental variables are visualised.

Fig. 2 in Aquatic invertebrate communities of perennial pans in Mpumalanga, South Africa: a diversity and functional approach

Fig. 2. MDS ordination of the invertebrate communities (diversity) of the selected pans with similarities based on agglomerative cluster analysis overlain. Numbers 1–9 represent the different pans, while repeated numbers represent the various sampling occasions.

Fig. 4 in Aquatic invertebrate communities of perennial pans in Mpumalanga, South Africa: a diversity and functional approach

Fig. 4. Mean and standard deviation of the Shannon diversity index, Simpson's index, Margalef's species richness index, and Pielou's evenness index for each of the pans. The mean was obtained from the results of the various sampling surveys and as a result, the standard deviation indicates seasonal variation.

Fig. 1 in Aquatic invertebrate communities of perennial pans in Mpumalanga, South Africa: a diversity and functional approach

Fig. 1. Location of the various pans included in the study. Pans 1, 2 and 8 are influenced by mining activities, pan 3 by agricultural activities, and pans 4–7 and 9 are located in an area with few anthropogenic activities.

Fig. 3 in Aquatic invertebrate communities of perennial pans in Mpumalanga, South Africa: a diversity and functional approach

Fig. 3. MDS ordination of the community traits of the selected pans with similarities based on agglomerative cluster analysis overlain. Numbers 1–9 represent the different pans, while repeated numbers represent the various sampling occasions.