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121 results for “coyote”
Coyotes take advantage of ungulate carrion subsidies as wolves recolonize Washington
<p>Apex predators exert suppressive effects on mesocarnivores; however, they also provide important carrion subsidies. Optimal foraging theory predicts that individuals respond to resource competition by using high value resources, while competition theory predicts that individuals respond by partitioning resources. This study investigated how the return of wolves (Canis lupus Linneas, 1758) to Washington state impacted the diet of a subordinate carnivore - the coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823). We collected coyote scats from two areas of northern Washington with differing wolf densities and used traditional analysis of undigested remains to infer diet. We tested for differences in the volumes of prey categories, the proportion of ungulate prey that was scavenged, and diet diversity between seasons, study sites, and inside and outside of wolf pack territories. Coyote scats contained more adult ungulate remains inside of wolf pack territories (27%) compared to outside (14%), while seeds and berries were more commonly consumed outside of wolf pack territories (23%) than inside of wolf pack territories (4%). These findings suggest that coyotes are taking advantage of wolf kills to increase ungulate carrion consumption, as predicted by optimal foraging theory, which may substantially affect plant and wildlife communities as wolves continue to recover and coyote diets shift in response.</p>
Severe environmental conditions create severe conflicts? A novel ecological pathway to extreme coyote attacks on humans
<p>1) Identifying the circumstances and causes of carnivore attacks on humans is important for prevention of future incidents as well as employing effective wildlife management strategies. Cape Breton Highlands National Park (CBHNP) in Nova Scotia has experienced multiple attacks by coyotes (Canis latrans) on humans, including a fatal attack on an adult in 2009.</p> <p>2) Here we use a combination of data on space use and diet collected from 2011–2013 to reveal that limited resources and a reliance on a large ungulate (moose, Alces americanus) as the mechanism leading to aggression by coyotes in CBHNP.</p> <p>3) Resident coyotes exhibited large home range sizes (mean=77.5 km2) indicative of limited resources and spatiotemporal avoidance of human activity. Carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N) isotope values of sub-sampled coyote whiskers (n=32), which provide a longitudinal record of diet over the months before collection, revealed little intra- and inter-individual variation with nearly all individuals specializing on moose, a pattern that agrees with indices of natural resource availability. Specifically, stable isotope mixing models show that moose was the most important prey for most coyotes (25/32), representing between 41% and 78% of dietary inputs. Only four coyotes exhibited use of anthropogenic resources (food), and only one of seven coyotes involved in attacks on people had been consuming human foods before the attacks.</p> <p>4) Synthesis and Applications: We have described a unique ecological system in which a generalist carnivore has expanded its niche to specialize on a large prey species, with the unfortunate consequence of also expanding pathways to conflicts with people. Our results suggest extreme unprovoked predatory attacks by coyotes on people are likely to be quite rare and associated with unique ecological characteristics. Extreme management actions such as bounties are unnecessary, but managers may need to employ hazing or lethal removal earlier in the conflict process than under normal circumstances. Also, users of these areas should be made aware of the risks coyotes pose and encouraged to take precautions. </p>
Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina Coyote recursive GPS data
<p>Coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>) colonized the southeastern United States over the last century as large predators, including the red wolf (<em>Canis rufus</em>) and eastern cougar (<em>Puma concolor</em>), were extirpated from the region. As a generalist carnivore, the coyote preys on white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>) and various smaller mammals, birds, and vegetation. While resource selection by coyotes has been well documented at the home-range scale, little is known about their foraging behavior, which is an important factor in thoroughly understanding influences of coyotes on prey and sympatric carnivores. We assessed 3<sup>rd</sup>-order resource selection of coyotes at sites across Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina during 2015-2016. Using GPS collars, we tracked 41 resident coyotes across 4 calendar seasons and identified suspected foraging areas using recursive analysis where individuals repeatedly returned to known locations. We found that resident coyotes selected for open landcover types throughout the year, while avoiding primary and secondary roads. Additionally, resident coyotes avoided forested landcover types while selecting for forest edges except from April to June when they foraged within interior forest away from edges. Previous studies have documented substantive predation rates on white-tailed deer neonates by coyotes, and that fawn mortality may increase in forested landscapes away from forest edge. Our findings indicate that foraging coyotes may select forest cover types during spring where fawns are more vulnerable to predation. Additionally, there has been debate in the literature as to how coyotes obtain consistent levels of deer in their diets outside of fawning and fall hunting seasons. Our study indicates that use of road-kill carcasses by coyotes was an unlikely explanation for the presence of deer in coyote diets throughout the year, as coyotes in our study were not observed using roads during foraging excursions.</p>
Dataset for: Supplementation of seasonal natural resources with year-round anthropogenic resources by coyotes in natural fragments within a high-density urban area.
<p>Dataset for: Supplementation of seasonal natural resources with year-round anthropogenic resources by coyotes in natural fragments within a high-density urban area. (Pending publication in Wildlife Biology as of 02/24/2023)</p>
Data from: Supplementation of seasonal natural resources with year-round anthropogenic resources by coyotes in natural fragments within a high-density urban area
<p>Coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>) in urban landscapes provide important food web functions and ecological services but can also trigger human-wildlife conflict when their diet includes anthropogenic resources or domestic pets. As adaptable omnivores, coyotes adjust their diet to their environment, routinely switching among food items to accommodate spatial and seasonal differences in availability. To evaluate coyotes' potential impacts within the food web of urban Long Beach, California where human-wildlife conflict involving coyotes may occur, we analyzed 115 scat samples collected once every two weeks from two open space fragments inside the urban matrix. We hypothesized that differences in scat composition would correlate with seasonal and site differences, with greater use of anthropogenic resources during the dry season supplementing lower prey availability, and greater consumption of wild mammal prey during the wet season when rabbits and small mammals reproduce. We found coyote diet was predominately composed of natural prey and vegetation year-round. Mammals made up more of the coyote diet in the wet season than the dry, while arthropods and vegetation occurred more in dry season scats. Coyotes relied on rabbits as their main prey year-round across all sites. Domestic cats (<em>Felis catus</em>) were the third most common individual prey species found in coyote scats; we did not find evidence of domestic dog (<em>Canis lupus familiaris</em>) consumption. The overall frequency of mammalian remains did not differ across sites but did differ across sites for other prey types. While there is a potential for human-wildlife conflict in coyote's consumption of feral or domestic cats, coyotes may also be providing an ecological service by reducing cats in natural habitat fragments.</p>
Data from: Pest or pest control? Coyote interactions with cattle and Richardson’s ground squirrels
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Data from: Coyote diet in North America: geographic and ecological patterns during range expansion
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Data from: Co-occurrence of bobcats, coyotes, and ocelots in Texas
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Severe environmental conditions create severe conflicts? A novel ecological pathway to extreme coyote attacks on humans
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Data from: Home range and core area characteristics of urban and rural coyotes and red foxes in southern Wisconsin
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Camera-trap data for fitting the random encounter model to estimate densities of coyotes and black-tailed jackrabbits in the Mojave Desert
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Data from: Urbanization and primary productivity mediate the predator-prey relationship between deer and coyotes
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Temporal data from camera trap captures of raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyote (Canis latrans) across urban-rural gradient Michigan 2015-2020
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Gulf coast canids: A wetland coyote ecotype shaped by red wolf introgression
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Data from: Supplementation of seasonal natural resources with year-round anthropogenic resources by coyotes in natural fragments within a high-density urban area
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Coyotes take advantage of ungulate carrion subsidies as wolves recolonize Washington
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Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina Coyote recursive GPS data
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Data from: Using multiple scales of movement to highlight risk-reward strategies of coyotes (Canis latrans) in mixed-use landscapes
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Data from: Assessing individual patterns of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in urban coyotes: non-invasive genetic sampling as epidemiological tool
1. In epidemiological studies of wildlife parasites, faecal genotyping has been introduced to prevent bias in estimates of parasite prevalence from faecal samples collected in the field. Such an approach could be particularly relevant in the study of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in urban settings, where estimates of prevalence and patterns of infection in wild canid hosts are key parameters used in zoonotic risk assessment and management. However, no previous study has evaluated the reliability of E. multilocularis faecal prevalence, and individual patterns of infection in definitive hosts remain poorly understood. 2. We evaluated faecal genotyping as an epidemiological tool, using E. multilocularis in urban coyotes Canis latrans as our study system. Combining parasitological analysis and multilocus individual genotyping of coyote faeces, we compared faecal parasite prevalence with the prevalence obtained from genotyped faecal samples. Furthermore, we assessed patterns of individual infection, such as re-infection rates and phenology of parasite egg excretion. 3. Of 425 feces collected in five urban sites, we genotyped 142 samples (33.4%) corresponding to 60 unique individual coyotes. Number of genotyped samples per coyote ranged between 1 and 10 (mean = 2.3). Genotypes were obtained at 4–6 microsatellite loci and had a mean reliability of 0.9975. 4. Faecal prevalence of E. multilocularis in genotyped coyotes was 25.0%, and similar to results previously obtained from non-genotyped faeces. Faecal genotyping allowed estimating a re-infection rate of individual coyotes of 57.1%, and to observe temporal patterns of parasite infection that were not detected using non-genotyped faeces. 5. Synthesis and applications. If compared to independent data obtained through coyote post-mortem examination, our results suggest that reliable estimates of overall parasite prevalence in definitive host populations can be efficiently obtained through well-designed field collection and traditional faecal parasitological analysis. However, faecal genotyping allows assessing the dynamics of individual infections, which could otherwise only be estimated by using invasive techniques. Combining faecal genotyping with parasitology has a great potential in assessing zoonotic risk transmission in urban areas, as well as advancing the field of wildlife ecology, disease ecology and conservation.
Data from: Spatial genetic and morphologic structure of wolves and coyotes in relation to environmental heterogeneity in a Canis hybrid zone
Eastern wolves have hybridized extensively with coyotes and gray wolves and are listed as a 'species of special concern' in Canada. However, a distinct population of eastern wolves has been identified in Algonquin Provincial Park (APP) in Ontario. Previous Canis studies have not linked genetic analysis with field data to investigate genotype-specific morphology or determine how resident animals of different ancestry are distributed across the landscape in relation to heterogeneous environmental conditions. Accordingly, we studied resident wolves and coyotes in and adjacent to APP to identify distinct Canis types, clarify the occurrence of eastern wolves adjacent to APP, and investigate spatial genetic structure and landscape-genotype associations in the hybrid zone. We documented 3 genetically distinct Canis types that also differed morphologically, corresponding to putative gray wolves, eastern wolves, and coyotes. We also documented a substantial number of hybrid individuals (36%). Breeding eastern wolves were less common outside of APP, but occurred in some unprotected areas. We identified a steep cline extending west from APP where the dominant genotype shifted abruptly from eastern wolves to coyotes and hybrids. The genotypic pattern to the south and northwest was a more complex mosaic of alternating genotypes. We modeled genetic ancestry in response to prey availability and human disturbance and found positive and negative associations between wolf ancestry and 1) moose density and 2) road densities, respectively. Our results clarify the structure of the Canis hybrid zone adjacent to APP and provide unique insight into environmental conditions influencing hybridization dynamics between wolves and coyotes.
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