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Fig. 1 in Dependence of spermatophore size and sperm number on body weight in various cricket species (Insecta, Orthoptera)

Fig. 1: General appearance of the spermatophore produced by males of the four cricket species investigated for this study (STURM 2003): (a) overview of a spermatophore with its spermcontaining ampulla (amp) and attachment plate (ap); (b) main components of the ampulla: apical papilla (pap), outer membrane (om), inner membrane (im), sperm mass (spm), and spermatphore tube (spt); (c) electron micrograph exhibiting the internal structure of a spermatophore (il: inner layer); (d) detailed view on the sperm mass included into the ampulla (spf: sperm flagella).

FIG. 8 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 8. — Hypotheses of primary venation homology of forewing of A, †Angarogryllus angaricus (Sharov 1968) (PIN 1873-16, †Protogryllidae, cf fig. 6A); B, Gryllotalpa sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF3938, Gryllotalpidae); C, Scapteriscus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF3068, Gryllotalpidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 5 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 5. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology in male Grylloidea with particular forewing venation: A, B, species with 'shortened' wings; B, C, species with 'reduced' stridulatory apparatus. A, Landreva sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9775, Gryllidae); B, Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc, 1792) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9786, Trigonidiidae); C, Tafalisca lineatipes Bruner, 1916 (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9760, Oecanthidae); D, Aphonomorphus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9764, Oecanthidae). Abbreviations: 'ha', distally opened harp; 'mi' distally opened mirror; others and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 1. — Theoretical pattern of venation of a gryllidean forewing (terminology after Béthoux & Nel [2002], modified after Schubnel et al. [2020]). Abbreviations and colour code: see text.

FIG. 7 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 7. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology of forewing of male Scapteriscus sp. MNHN-EO-ENSIF3069 (Gryllotalpidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bar: 1 mm.

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APPENDIX 1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

APPENDIX 1. — List of specimens observed in the MNHN Orthoptera collections. Supplementary figures gathered in Appendix 3.<table><thead><tr><th>Family, subfamily</th><th>Tribe</th><th>Genus Species</th><th>Identified</th><th>Sex</th><th>Inventory number</th><th>Origin</th><th>Figures</th></tr><tr><th colspan="8">OECANTHIDAE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Oecanthinae</th><td>Oecanthini</td><td>Oecanthus rufescens Serville, 1838</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9765</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tafaliscinae</th><td>Tafaliscini</td><td>Tafalisca lineatipes Bruner, 1916</td><td rowspan="2">L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9760</td><td>Jamaica</td><td>5C; S3C</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Paroecanthini</td><td>Paroecanthus simplex Gorochov, 2011</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9782</td><td>Mexique</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Angustitrella vicina (Chopard, 1912)</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9783</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Ectotrypa olmeca Saussure, 1874</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF12163</td><td>Mexico</td><td>S2C</td></tr><tr><th>Podoscirtinae</th><td>Podoscirtini</td><td>Archenopterus bouensis Otte, 1987</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3935</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Aphonomorphini</td><td>Aphonomorphus sp.</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9764</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>5D; S3D</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Phyllogryllini</td><td>Phyllogryllus sp.</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9768</td><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>4B; S2B</td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">PHALANGOPSIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Luzarinae</th><td>Luzarini</td><td>Luzara obscura Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF5876</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure, 1874)</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;/&female;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, MNHN-EO-ENSIF9781</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>&male;: 3B; S1D / &female;: S4A</td></tr><tr><th>Phalangopsinae</th><td>Phalangopsini</td><td>Endecous Itatibensis Rehn, 1918</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9761</td><td>Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Homoeogryllini</td><td rowspan="2">Homoeogryllus xanthographus Guérin-Ménevile, 1844</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9779</td><td>Farm strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>orientalis Desutter, 1985</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3069</td><td>Mozambique</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>affinis lyristes Gorochov, 1988</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&female;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9784</td><td>Rwanda</td><td>Fig. S4B</td></tr><tr><th>Paragryllinae</th><td>Aclodini</td><td>Paraclodes guyanensis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9762</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Paragryllini</td><td>Aclogryllus sp ..</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9785</td><td>Equateur</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Phaloriinae</th><td></td><td>Phaloria sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3078</td><td>Philippines</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">GRYLLIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Eneopterinae</th><td>Eneopterini</td><td>Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard, 1931</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9766</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Lebinthini</td><td>Ligypterus fuscus Chopard, 1920</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9767</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Lebinthini</td><td>Agnotecous sp.</td><td>T. Robillard</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9937</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Nisitrini</td><td>Nisitrus vittatus (Haan, 1844)</td><td>T. Robillard</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9938</td><td>Laboratory strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Pentacentrinae</th><td>Pentacentrini</td><td>Pentacentrodes sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9776</td><td>Madagascar</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Gryllinae</th><td>Gryllini</td><td rowspan="2">Brachytrupes (Drury, 1773) membranaceus</td><td rowspan="2">L. Desutter</td><td rowspan="2">&male;/&female;</td><td rowspan="2">MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769/ MNHN-EO-ENSIF12162</td><td rowspan="2">Republic of Congo/ Guinea</td><td rowspan="2">&male;: 2A, B; 4A; S2A / &female;: S4C</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9777</td><td>Farm strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Landrevinae</th><td>Landrevini</td><td>Landreva sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9775</td><td>India</td><td>5A; S3A</td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">TRIGONIDIIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Trigonidiinae</th><td>Trigonidiini</td><td>Anaxipha sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9770</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838)</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>3A, B; S1A, B, C</td></tr><tr><th>Nemobiinae</th><td>Nemobiini</td><td>Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc, 1792)</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9786</td><td>France</td><td>5B; S3B</td></tr></tbody></table>

FIG. 6 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 6. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology of male forewing of †Protogryllidae (A, B) and †Baissogryllidae (C-E): A, †Angarogryllus angaricus (Sharov 1968), PIN 1873-16; B, †Falsipseculum karatavicum (Sharov 1968), PIN 3791/1345; C, †Neosharategia paradoxa Gorochov, 1992, PIN 4270-210a; D, †Baissogryllidae sp., CCNH-293; E, †Anglogryllus lyristes Gorochov et al., 2006, MNEMG 2003.46. Abbreviations: "ha", distally opened harp; "mi", distally opened mirror, others and colour code, see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 9 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 9. — Hypotheses of primary venation homology of forewing of †Liassophyllum caii Gu & Ren, 2012 (CNU-ORT-NN2009008, †Tuphelidae). Modified from Gu et al. (2012). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 3. — Hypothesis of primary homology of venation of male Grylloidea: A, Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933, Trigonidiidae); B, Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure, 1874) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, Phalangopsidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bars:1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 4. — Hypothesis of primary homology of venation of male Grylloidea: A, Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1773) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769, Gryllidae); B, Phyllogryllus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9768, Oecanthidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 2. — Main fields (A, C) and functional structures (B, D) of a male grylloid forewing (A, B: Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1773), MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769) and a male gryllotalpid forewing (C, D: Scapteriscus sp., MNHN-EO-ENSIF3068). Abbreviations: lc, lanceolate cell; ha, harp; mi, mirror. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. S1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. S1. — Forewings of male Grylloidea with hypothesis of venation: A, B, Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933, Trigonidiidae); C, Anaxipha sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9770, Trigonidiidae);D, Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure,1874) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, Phalangopsidae).Abbreviations:see text. Scale bars:1 mm.

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Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets

The operational sex ratio (OSR) is a key component influencing the magnitude of sexual selection driving the evolution of male sexual traits, but males often also retain the ability to plastically modulate trait expression depending on the current environment. Here we employed an experimental evolution approach to determine whether the OSR affects the evolution of male calling effort in decorated crickets, a costly sexual trait, and whether plasticity in calling effort is altered by the OSR under which males have evolved. Calling effort of males from two selection regimes maintained at different OSRs over 18–20 generations (male- versus female-biased) was recorded at two different levels of perceived competition, in the absence of rivals or in the presence of an experimentally muted competitor. The effect of the OSR on the evolution of male calling effort was modest and in the opposite direction predicted by theory. Instead, the immediate competitive environment strongly influenced male calling effort as males called more in the presence of a rival, revealing considerable plasticity in this trait. This increased calling effort came at a cost, however, as males confined with a muted rival experienced significantly higher mortality.

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Consistent traffic noise impacts few fitness-related traits in a field cricket

Anthropogenic habitat change is occurring rapidly, and organisms can respond through within-generation responses that improve the match between their phenotype and the novel conditions they encounter. But, plastic responses can be adaptive or maladaptive and are most likely to be adaptive only when contemporary conditions reasonably mimic something experienced historically to which a response has already evolved. Noise pollution is a ubiquitous anthropogenic stressor that accompanies expanding urbanization. We tested whether the amplitude of traffic noise influences a suite of fitness-related traits (e.g. survival, life history, reproductive investment, immunity) and whether that depends on the life stage at which the noise is experienced (juvenile or adult). Our treatments mimic the conditions experienced by animals living in urban roadside environments with variable vehicle types, but continuous movement of traffic. We used the Pacific field cricket, an acoustically communicating insect that was previously shown to experience some negative behavioral and life history responses to very loud, variable traffic noise, as a model system.

Figure 4 in Two new species of cricket frogs of the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Peninsular India

Figure 4. Fejervarya kalinga sp. nov., holotype, ZSI/WRC/A/2018, adult male, 41.9 mm SVL. Dorsal and ventral view (horizontal lines equal 5.0 mm).

Figure 8 in Two new species of cricket frogs of the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Peninsular India

Figure 8. Principal Component Analysis scatter plot (of 18 morphometric characters as listed in Table 3 transformed to their ratio to SVL) for Fejervarya krishnan sp. nov., F. gomantaki, F. sahyadris and F. chilapata (a) for male individuals.

Figure 7 in Two new species of cricket frogs of the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Peninsular India

Figure 7. Fejervarya krishnan sp. nov., holotype, ZSI/WRC/A/2023, adult male, 17.1 mm SVL. Left, dorsal view; right, ventral view (horizontal lines equal 5.0 mm).

Figure 5 in Two new species of cricket frogs of the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Peninsular India

Figure 5. Principal Component Analysis scatter plot (of 18 morphometric characters as listed in Table 3 transformed to their ratio to SVL) for Fejervarya kalinga sp. nov. and F. orissaensis (male individuals).

Figure 2 in Two new species of cricket frogs of the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Peninsular India

Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree for 42 dicroglossid species based on 5722 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (16s, 12s, BDNF, Rhod, Tyr, RAG-2, NCX1, and CXCR4).

Figure 1 in Two new species of cricket frogs of the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Peninsular India

Figure 1. Map showing distribution of Fejervarya kalinga sp. nov. (in triangles, type locality in purple) and Fejervarya krishnan sp. nov. (in circle).