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Fig. 7 in Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain

Fig. 7. Crinoid Encrinus sp. from Triassic of NE Spain, the Collbató unit (Ladinian). A. MGSB/45007, well-preserved specimens showing a coiled stem A1), detail of the crown and proximal stem (A2). B. MGSB/45006, isolated columnals.

Fig. 4 in Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain

Fig. 4. Stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous crinoid localities (on the top) from the Iberian Ranges. Stars indicate crinoid-bearing formations.

Fig. 5 in Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain

Fig. 5. Albian carbonate platform of Aralar with crinoid-bearing horizon (star) at the base of unit 4 (based on López-Horgue et al. 1997; Lertxundi and García-Mondéjar 1998; and new data from this paper).

Fig. 6 in Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain

Fig. 6. Eocene stratigraphic units of the Graus-Tremp basin (Central Pyrenees) with crinoid-bearing horizon within the Serraduy Formation indicated (after Serra-Kiel et al. 1994). 24–26 correspond to magnetozones; n, normal; r, reverse.

Fig. 2 in Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic framework of the Upper Muschelkalk of the Catalan Ranges showing the crinoid-bearing Collbató unit (after Calbet and Marzo 1994). The horizon containing crinoids (star) coincides with the maximum flooding surface and is laterally equivalent to La Riba reef complex. Abbreviations: M.M., Middle Muschelkalk; Roj., Rojals; H.S.T., Highstand system track; L.S.T., Lowstand system track; M.f.s., Maximun flooding surface; S.B., Sequence boundary; T.S., Transgressive surface; T.S.T., Transgressive system track.

Fig. 1 in Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain

Fig. 1. Map of northeast Spain showing post-Palaeeozoic crinoid localities (stars) discussed in the text.

Fig. 3 in Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain

Fig. 3. Stratigraphy of Upper Jurassic crinoid localities (on the top) from the Iberian Ranges. Stars indicate crinoid-bearing formations.

Fig. 1 in Crinoids from the Silurian of Western Estonia

Fig. 1. Silurian stratigraphy of Estonia. The majority of the new fossil material is from the West−Estonian islands, represented in the middle of the chart of lithostratigraphic units (based on Hints 2008). D1, Lower Devonian; O, Ordovician; O3, Upper Ordovician.

Fig. 5 in Crinoids from the Silurian of Western Estonia

Fig. 5. Camerate, disparid, and flexible crinoids from the Silurian of Estonia. A. Myelodactylus? sp., TUG 1395−7, Ohesaare Formation (Pridoli), Ohesaare Cliff. Articular facet of columnal. B. Saaremaacrinus estoniensis gen. et sp. nov., holotype, TUG 1395−3, middle Äigu Beds, Kaugatuma Formation (Pridoli), Kaugatuma Cliff. B1, lateral view of theca, interpretation of plates in Fig. 4; B2, tegmen view of theca. C, D. Cicerocrinus osiliensis (Jaekel, 1900), Ohesaare Formation (Pridoli), Ohesaare Cliff. C. TUG 1376−1. C−ray lateral view of calyx. D. GIT 405−242. C−ray lateral view of calyx. E. Protaxocrinus salteri? (Angelin, 1878), TUG 1395−4, Ninase Member, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Suuriku Cliff. E1, CD interray view of crown and proximal column; E2, CD interray view of calyx, proximal arms and column, note badly beach−worn preservation. F. Caleocrinus balticensis sp. nov., GIT 405−12, Juuru Stage (Llandovery), Heltermaa. D−Ray lateral view of crown. G, H. Desmidocrinus laevigatus sp. nov., middle Äigu Beds, Kaugatuma Formation (Pridoli), Kaugatuma Cliff. G. TUG 1395−1, holotype. G1, oblique D−ray lateral view of calyx; G2, CD−interray lateral view of calyx; G3, D−ray lateral view of incomplete crown. H. TUG 1395−2, paratype. D−ray lateral view of calyx.

Fig. 4 in Crinoids from the Silurian of Western Estonia

Fig. 4. Plate diagrams of Estonian crinoids. A. Saaremaacrinus estoniensis gen. et sp. nov., TUG 1395−3, middle Äigu Beds, Kaugatuma Formation (Pridoli), Kaugatuma Cliff. Normal interray plating (A1), C−ray plating (A2), CD−interray plating(A3), and lateral outline of theca (A4). B. Calceocrinus baliticensis sp. nov, GIT 405−212, Juuru Stage (Llandovery), Heltermaa. D−ray view of crown. C. Protaxocrinus salteri? (Angelin, 1878), TUG 1395−4, Ninase Member, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Suuriku Cliff. Lateral outline. Plate designations: black, radial plate; ruled, inferradial plate; cross−ruled, radianal plate; stippled, interradial plates or anal plates; P, primanal; X, anal X plate; grey, openings into theca. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Crinoids from the Silurian of Western Estonia

Fig. 3. Camerate crinoids from the Silurian of Estonia. A, B. Middle Äigu Beds, Kaugatuma Formation (Pridoli), Kaugatuma Cliff. A. Eucalyptocrinites tumidus sp. nov., GIT 405−243. A1, lateral view of crown, note modestly expanding partition plates; A2, basal view of calyx, note nodose calyx plates; A3, tegmen view of crown, note flat tegmen top. B. Calliocrinus sedgwickianus sp. nov., TUG 1395−8. Basal view of a portion of the basal and radial circlets, all circular pits are the trace fossil Oichnus. C. Eucalyptocrinites sp., GIT 405−238, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Suuriku Cliff. Lateral view of calyx. D. Eucalyptocrinites sp. 2., TUG 1395−13, Ninase Member, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Panga Cliff. D1, tegmen view of crown; D2, B−ray view of partial crown, note deep elongate groove on well−preserved partition plate. E. Periechocrinus longimanus (Angelin, 1878), GIT 405−4−1, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Janni Cliff. Lateral view of partial calyx, calyx sutures very indistinct. F. Eucalyptocrinites sp. 1, TUG 1375−3, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Undva Cliff. Lateral view of broken crown. G. Calliocrinus sp., TUG 1395−6, Ninase Member, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Suuriku Cliff. Broadly bifurcating spine. H. Eucalyptocrinites sp. 1, TUG 1375−2, Jaani Formation (Wenlock), Undva Cliff. Lateral view of crown of juvenile. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Crinoids from the Silurian of Western Estonia

Fig. 6. Crinoids from the Silurian of Estonia, middle Äigu Beds, Kaugatuma Formation (Pridoli, Silurian), Kaugatuma Cliff. A. Cladida indet., TUG 1395−9, lateral view of badly disarticulated calyx. B. Enallocrinus sp. holdfast, TUG 1395−39, column of Enallocrinus holdfasts lacking the rhizoids. C. Field photograph of an uncollected in situ Enallocrinus holdfast. Note wide, pentalobate lumen and long radices of holdfast. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 7. Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) crinoid elements from England. A. Cup Apiocrinites sp. B. Articular view of Apiocrinites sp. 1 BM(NH) EE 5843, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. C. Articular view of Millericrinus cf. exilis (de Loriol, 1882) BM(NH) EE 5844, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. D. Brachial ossicles of Comatulid indet. E. Centrodorsal ossicle of Solanocrinites ooliticus (Gislén 1925) BM(NH) EE 5841, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. F. Syzygial articulum of comatulid indet. BM(NH) EE 5840, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. G. Centrodorsal ossicles of Solanocrinites ooliticus (Gislén 1925) BM(NH) E68067−9, Forest Marble, Gloucestershire. Scale bars: A–D, G, 10 mm; E, F, 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 1. Field localities in England and France (see Appendix 1) showing Jurassic and Bathonian outcrops. 1, Rhynchonelloidella wattonensis Beds 14 (= Wattonensis Beds 14), Watton Cliff; 2, Bed Z, Blockley Station Quarry; 3, Pecten Bed, Blockley Station Quarry; 4, Wattonensis Beds 3–11, Watton Cliff; 5, Rugitella Beds, East Cranmore; 6, Boueti Bed, Herbury Point; 7, Lower Cornbrash, Kirtlington; 8, Forest Marble, Watton Cliff; 9, Bradford Clay, Browns Folly; 10, Bradford Clay, Forest Marble, Old Canal Quarry; 11, Bradford Clay, Springfield; 12, Forest Marble, Sunhill Bradford Bed; 13, Sharps Hill Formation, Northleach; 14, Hampen Marly Formation, Hampen Cutting; 15, Sharps Hill Formation (Eyford member), Hampen Cutting; 16, Eyford Member, Huntsmans Quarry; 17, Sharps Hill Formation, Hornsleaslow Quarry; 18, Stonesfield Slate, Stonesfield; 19, Argiles de Lion, Sword Beach; 20, Caillasses de la Basse−Ecarde, Juno Beach; 21, Bath Rags, Ford Road Cutting; 22, Calcaire des Pichotts, Belle Houllefort; 23, Calcaire de Langrune, Sword Beach; 24, Caillasses de la Basse−Ecarde, Sword Beach; 25, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry; 26, Sevenhampton Rhynchonellid Bed, Taynton Limestone, Hampen Cutting; 27, Rutland Formation, Woodeaton Quarry; 28, Forest Marble Formation, Kirtlington Old Cement Works; 29, White Limestone, Ardley Member, Kirtlington; 30, Sharps Hill Formation, Oakham Quarry; 31, Causses du Quercy Limestones. Dordogne Valley; 32, Doue Oncolite. Doue Valley; 33, Blisworth Limestone. Ketton Castle Cement Quarry; 34, Rutland Formation. Ketton Castle Cement Quarry.

Fig. 6. A–E in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 6. A–E. Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) crinoid elements from England and France. Symplectial articulum of Isocrinus nicoleti (Desor, 1845). A. BM(NH)EE5834, Calcaire de Langrune Sword Beach. B. BM(NH)EE5835, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. C–E. BM(NH)EE36 (C), BM(NH)EE37 (D), BM(NH) EE 13503 (E), Forest Marble, Watton Cliff. F. Brachial muscular synarthry of brachial Isocrinus nicoleti (Desor, 1845), BM(NH) EE 5839, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. G. Symplectial articulum of Isocrinus sp. 3, BM(NH) EE 5779, White Limestone, Kirtlington. H. Cryptosyzygial articulum of brachial. Isocrinus sp. 3, BM(NH) EE 13504, White Limestone, Kirtlington. I. Symplectial articulum of Isocrinus sp. 2, BM(NH) EE 13505, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. J. Articulum of cirral ossicles of Isocrinus sp. 2 BM(NH) EE 5778, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. K. Pluricirral of Isocrinus sp. 2, BM(NH)EE 13506, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. L. Isocrinus nicoleti (Desor 1845) BM(NH) EE 5780. Forest Marble, Kirtlington. L1, noditaxis with articular face of the columnals; L2, magnified articular face. M. Cryptosyzygial articulum brachial of Isocrinus sp. 1 BM(NH) EE 5838 4, bed 50 Hampen Marly Beds, Hampen Cutting. N. Pluricirral and symplectial articulum of Isocrinus sp. 1., BM(NH)EE 13507, bed 50, Hampen Marly Beds. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 5. Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) crinoid elements from England. A. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus sp. 1, BMNH EE 5770, bed 14. B. Symplectial articulum of Balanocrinus cf. subteres (Münster in Goldfuss, 1831), BMNH EE 5771, bed 9, Watton Cliff. C. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus sp. 1 BMNH EE 5772, East Cranmore. D. Chariocrinus sp. 1, BM(NH) EE 5773, Hornsleaslow. D1, symplectial articulum; D2, noditaxis. E. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus aff. wuertembergicus (Oppel, 1856), BM(NH) EE 5774, bed 3, Watton Cliff. F. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus aff. wuertembergicus (Oppel, 1856), BM(NH)EE 13500, bed 3 Watton Cliff. G. Noditaxis of Chariocrinus aff. wuertembergicus, BM(NH) EE 5775, bed 3, Watton Cliff. H, I. Cryptosyzygial articulum of brachial Chariocrinus sp. 1, Hornsleaslow, BM(NH) EE 5776 (H) and BM(NH) EE 13501 (I). J, K. Articula of cirral ossicles of Pentacrinites cf. dargniesi (Hess 1972), Taynton Limestone, BM(NH)EE 13502 (J) and BM(NH) EE 5777 (K). Scale bars 3 mm.

Fig. 3. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus doliiformis Wolburg, 1938a in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 3. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus doliiformis Wolburg, 1938a (for 1937) from the Selscheid Formation of Ohle, Sauerland (Wolburg 1938a: 230). A. Casts of nearly complete specimen. Specimen attached to a brachiopod valve (right arrow) (A1), showing the characteristic triangular connection between mesi− and dististele (left arrow) and slightly compressed mesistele (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 17: 1); detail view of the attachment disc (arrow) (A2), encrusting the brachiopod (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 18: 8); detail view of the triangular connection between mesi− and dististele (arrow) (A3) (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 17: 6a); detail view of the coiled, slightly compressed mesistele (A4) (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 17: 4). B. Former assumed reconstruction of life mode, figured with a crown that protrudes toward the lateral−exterior (arrow) (from Wolburg 1938a: 240, fig. 5). C. Former assumed reconstruction of the crown (1938a: 233, fig. 4). Not to scale.

Fig. 4 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 4. First illustration of the actual plate diagram and definition of genus Ammonicrinus as a lecanocrinid Flexibilia by Ubaghs (1952). A. Ammonicrinus doliiformis Wolburg, 1938a (for 1937), SMF−XXIII−165a from the "Rommersheim Formation" of the Auburg, Gerolstein, Eifel, Germany (Ubaghs 1952: 220). View of coiled mesistele (A1); view of exposed proxistele (A2) (taken from Ubaghs 1952: pl. 3: 1, 3). B. Anomalous crown of "Ammonicrinus wanneri" from the "Rommersheim Formation" of the Steineberg, N of Kerpen, Eifel, Germany (Ubaghs 1952: 220) (= holotype of A. jankei sp. nov., no. SMF−XXIII−167a) coiled by the mesistele. View of the coiled mesistele (B1) (Ubaghs 1952: pl. 1: 3); partly excavated crown (B2), showing radiating ridges on radials and one slightly lobe−like enlarged appendage that possibly could support the lateral water respectively faecal−ejection (arrow) (Ubaghs 1952: pl. 1: 4); excavated crown in lateral view (B3, B4), the second "radianal plate" respectively "supplementary plate" (see arrows) is based on an anomaly (Ubaghs 1952: pl. 2: 3, 2); plate diagram (B5), showing the two anomalous plates (arrows) (slightly modified after Ubaghs 1952: 205, fig. 1); schematic drawing of the coiled specimen (B6); reconstruction of the assumed living feeding position (B7) (Ubaghs 1952: 110, fig. 2; p. 223, fig. 5). Not to scale.

Fig. 14. A in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 14. A. Schematic reconstruction of Ammonicrinus (strongly modified after Piotrowski 1977: 209, fig. 3) of a feeding Ammonicrinus within low−intensity current water. Alternating water pressure was possibly generated in the interior of the enrolled proximal stem by slow, bellow−like partial opening and closing (red arrows) of the base of the central mass; due to the synarthrial (bifacial) articulation of the ammonicrinid mesistele that developed two huge ligamentary facets (orange), separated by the fulcrum, bellow−like partial opening could possibly enabled by stiffening of the outer ligaments (see orange bars in A1); closing could be controlled by stiffening of the inner ligaments (see orange bars in A2). A1, suction during opening may result from low−pressure (P−) and create an ingesting water flow (blue arrow); A, ejection during closure (red arrow) resulted from overpressure (P+); to minimise faecal recycling, 2 the water ejection may have occurred laterally (blue arrows), feasibly at both lateral centres, which have "openings". B. Lobe−like enlarged appendages (framed in red) could possibly support the lateral water faecal−ejection (modified from Ubaghs 1952: pl. 1: 4). C. Reconstruction of a feeding "encased runner−type" of A. leunisseni sp. nov., attached to a tabulate coral (model); the spined specimen dwelled enrolled on the muddy seafloor; alternating water pressure was obviously generated in the interior of the enrolled proximal stem globe by non−muscular, probably MCT−controlled, slow, bellow−like partial opening and closing of the oblate sphere at its bottom (dashed arrow); suction during opening created an ingesting water flow (see arrow on the left), which was funnelled in a "canal", formed by the unspined interior of the columnals of the mesistele, whose U−shaped LCEE additionally formed a protection against immersive sediment; ejection during closure resulted from overpressure; to minimise faecal recycling, the water ejection occurred supposably laterally, feasibly at both lateral centres, which accordingly show "openings" (see arrows on the right). Not to scale.

Fig. 9. Lecanocrinid Ammonicrinus species. A–J. Ammonicrinus wanneri Springer, 1926. A–I in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 9. Lecanocrinid Ammonicrinus species. A–J. Ammonicrinus wanneri Springer, 1926. A–I. From the Eifel (locality 3, Appendix 1), Germany, Lower Givetian (Middle Devonian). J. From the Eifel (locality 7, Appendix 1), Germany, Lower Givetian (Middle Devonian). A. Lateral view of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2133) with coiled mesistele. B. Lateral view, respectively view of external columnal flanks of the coiled mesistele of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2134) with one preserved, postulated cup ossicle (arrow). C. View of external columnal flanks of the mesistele of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2135). D. Lateral view, respectively view of external columnal flanks of the coiled mesistele of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2136), +